UC-NRLF 


CAL  AIDS  TO  THE 

TEACHING  OF  Civics 


S.  D.  WATERMAN 


GIFT   OF 


Practical  Aids 
to  the  Teaching  of  Civics 


By 

S.  D.  Waterman 

Ex-Superintendent  of  Schools 
Berkeley,  Calif. 


San  Francisco 

IDfntafier  &  &ap^iggin  Co. 
1909 


COPYRIGHT.  1909 

BY 
WHITAKER  &  RAY-WIGGIN  CO. 


• 


CONTENTS 

Chapter  Page 

I.     General  Introduction    5 

II.     Public  Schools 9 

III.  The  Town  Meeting 13 

IV.  The  Direct  Primary 15 

V.     Organization   and   Work   of   Political   Parties — Organ- 
ization of  Conventions 20 

VI.     General     Outline  —  Municipal,     County,      State,     and 

National  Governments 25 

VII.     Events  Leading  to  the  Adoption  of  the  Constitution. .     27 

VIII.     The  Legislative  Department 54 

IX.     Executive  Department  69 

X.     Judicial  Department    78 

XI.     U.  S.  Territory 83 

XII.     State  Government  86 

XIII.  Origin  and  Meaning  of  the  Names  of  the  Counties  of 

California    95 

XIV.  Eevenue  for  Educational  Purposes »  100 

XV.     Eevenue  and   Taxation 104 

XVI.     Qualification  for  Voting  in  the  United  States 107 

XVII.     Statistics  of  the  States 116 

XVIII.     Data  with  Reference  to  Our  Presidents..  .  140 


377854 


PREFACE 

In  preparing  texts,  the  tendency  has  been  toward  sim- 
plification and  this  has  been  carried  to  such  an  extent  that, 
often,  the  purpose  of  a  text-book  disappears.  There 
is  no  royal  road.  Inductive  methods  in  languages  and 
short  cuts  to  prepare  for  reading  have  come  and  gone  and 
teachers  now  are  falling  back  upon  the  old  plan  of  learning 
the  principles  of  the  language. 

In  Arithmetic,  constant  and  persistent  drill  upon  the 
fundamentals  is  essential.  Short  methods  have  been  tried 
and  are  still  being  tried,  but  the  facts  of  mathematics  are 
still  the  same  and  there  is  no  other  way  of  gaining  the 
accuracy  and  readiness  necessary  than  that  of  learning  the 
tables  and  combinations  thoroughly  and  persistently  prac- 
ticing until  the  desired  end  is  attained.  The  same  is  true  in 
Grammar,  Literature,  History,  Geography  and  the  other 
branches  usually  taught  in  our  elementary  schools.  In 
Civics,  supplementary  readers  have  appeared  in  numbers, 
having  for  their  purpose  the  developing  of  good  citizenship, 
and  as  supplementary  work  they  have  an  important  place 
to  fill ;  but  if  it  is  desired  to  give  instruction  in  the  science 
of  government,  there  must  be  a  cartful  study  of  the 
Constitution  of  our  country  and  of  the  laws  under  which 
we  live. 

The  purpose  in  the  preparation  of  these  pages  is,  to  put 


4  PREFACE 

the  salient  facts  relating  to  the  government  in  such  a 
concise  form,  simple  yet  thorough)  as  shall  secure  for  those 
who  study  them  an  accurate  idea  of  the  principles  of  our 
government. 

The  general  principles  of  government  are  the  same  in 
all  of  the  states.  While  a  general  outline  is  given  that 
will  hold  good  for  the  entire  country,  references  are  made 
especially  to  the  state  and  county  governments  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  general  statement  can  be  easily  supplemented 
for  any  state  by  any  teacher  who  knows  the  subject. 

A  complete  set  of  questions  is  given,  as  suggestive  and  as 
furnishing  suitable  topics  for  reviews.  The  organization 
of  parties,  the  way  in  which  conventions  are  managed, — 
the  Direct  Primary, — the  Recall, — the  Initiative  and  the 
Referendum,  have  been  briefly,  but  clearly  explained. 

The  author  hopes  that  the  book  may  commend  itself  and 
may  prove  to  be  suited  to  the  purpose  for  which  it  is 
intended. 


CHAPTER  I 
GENEKAL    INTEODUCTION 

The  happiness  and  the  success  of  the  family  and  the 
school  come  largely  from  a  cheerful  obedience  to  duly 
constituted  authority.  Failure  and  unhappiness  are  the 
result  of  disobedience.  Respect  for  parental  authority  in 
the  home  and  for  the  authority  of  the  teacher  in  the  school 
lays  the  foundation  for  good  citizenship.  For  the  welfare 
of  the  individual  and  the  community,  laws  are  made  by 
the  nation  and  the  state.  For  civic  betterment,  ordinances 
are  passed  by  the  legislative  body  of  municipalities.  Some 
of  these  ordinances  deal  with  crime,  but  most  of  them  are 
for  securing  better  police  and  better  fire  protection,  for 
street  improvements,  for  the  light  and  water  supply,  and 
for  regulating  all  matters  pertaining  to  municipal  im- 
provement. A  cheerful  compliance  with  these  ordinances, 
and  a  ready  obedience  to  the  laws  of  the  state  and  of  the 
general  government  on  the  part  of  every  citizen  are  duties 
as  truly  as  obedience  in  the  home  and  in  the  school  is  a 
duty  on  the  part  of  the  child. 

All  members  of  a  well-regulated,  happy  family  must  be 
interested  in  everything  that  tends  to  increase  the  happi- 
ness and  minister  to  the  comfort  of  themselves  and  others. 
There  must  be  a  pride  which  prompts  to  neatness,  both  in 
and  outside  of  the  home.  Smooth-cut  lawns,  clean 


6  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

walks,  beautiful  beds  of  flowers  free  from  weeds,  cleanli- 
ness of  the  street  adjoining  the  home  lot,  a  tasteful  arrange- 
ment and  adornment  of  the  interior, — all  of  these  will  be 
a  source  of  pleasure  and  will  help  to  make  the  home  "the 
dearest  spot  on  earth." 

The  same  love  of  order  and  neatness  may  be  developed 
in  the  school.  A  proper  school  pride  will  secure  neat  and 
attractive  yards  and  streets  adjoining  the  school  premises, 
as  well  as  neat  and  well-adorned  rooms  inside  the  building. 

The  same  spirit  extending  into  the  community  results  in 
civic  pride — a  desire  to  help  in  making  the  home  town  or 
city  beautiful.  This  desire  and  a  spirit  of  obedience  to  all 
ordinances  passed  for  the  benefit  of  the  community  will  not 
only  be  of  great  advantage  to  the  town  or  district  at  large, 
but  will  also  do  much  in  developing  a  fine  type  of  citizen- 
ship which  will  extend  its  influence  to  the  larger  and  more 
important  citizenship  of  the  state  and  the  nation. 

The  government  of  a  municipality  is  vested  in  a  council 
which  is  the  Legislative  Department, — a  mayor  and  his 
appointees,  which  together  with  some  of  the  other  elective 
officers  form  the  Executive  Department, — a  city  attorney 
and  police  judge,  or  justice  of  the  peace,  which  form  the 
Judicial  Department.  Sometimes  the  last  two  are  com- 
bined in  one  person. 

The  council  has  to  legislate  upon  everything  relating  to 
the  welfare  of  the  community  except,  perhaps,  educational 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OP    CIVICS  7 

matters,  which  are  usually  given  over  to  a  separate  board 
known  as  the  "Board  of  Education. " 

Some  of  the  matters  that  call  for  attention  on  the 
part  of  the  council  are — the  fixing  of  license  rates, — the 
establishing  of  fire  limits, — the  creating  of  a  police  force 
and  a  paid  fire  department, — the  appointment  of  a  health 
officer  and  a  Board  of  Health, — the  supervision  of  the 
streets, — the  opening  and  the  improving  of  new  thorough- 
fares,— the  granting  of  franchises, — the  granting  of  build- 
ing permits, — the  passage  of  sanitary  ordinances  and  the 
appointment  of  sanitary  inspectors, — the  fixing  of  city  tax 
rates, — and  the  apportionment  of  the  money  raised  by  taxa- 
tion to  the  different  funds.  In  most  cities  there  are  heads 
of  departments  who  report,  either  to  the  Council  or  to  the 
Mayor.  Some  of  these  are: 

Marshal  or  Chief  of  Police 

Chief  of  Fire  Department 

Superintendent  of  Streets 

Building  Inspector 

City  Engineer 

Health  Officer 

Sanitary  Inspector 

The  legislative  enactments  of  the  Council  are  called 
" Ordinances."  The  legality  of  these  ordinances  is  passed 
upon  by  the  city  attorney,  who  is  the  legal  adviser.  In 
fact,  the  city  attorney  is  usually  directed  to  prepare  an 
ordinance  to  include  certain  provisions.  Violators  of 


8  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

town  ordinances  are  tried  in  the  justice's  or  in  the  police 
courts.  The  Mayor  is  the  executive  officer.  He  appoints 
all  committees  of  the  Council,  and  is  in  reality  at  the  head 
of  the  government  of  the  municipality.  The  people  look 
to  him  to  see  that  affairs  are  conducted  fairly  and 
economically  and  that  the  town  ordinances  are  enforced. 
What  the  Council  does  for  the  city  or  the  town,  the 
Board  of  Supervisors  does  for  the  county.  The  work  is 
done  largely  through  committees. 


CHAPTER  II 
PUBLIC   SCHOOLS 

All  local  management  of  schools  in  rural  districts  is 
vested  in  a  board  of  three  trustees  for  each  district,  elected 
by  the  voters  of  the  district.  These  trustees  elect  teachers 
and  janitors  for  their  respective  schools.  They  also  have 
the  power  to  fix  the  date  of  opening  the  schools,  but  the 
date  of  closing  will  be  governed  by  the  provisions  of  the 
state  law. 

In  most  of  the  states  the  general  management  of  all 
rural  schools  in  the  county  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  the 
County  Superintendent  and  a  County  Board  of  Education. 

The  County  Board  prepares  and  adopts  a  course  of 
study.  It  adopts  school  library  books  and  supplementary 
books  from  a  list  recommended  by  the  State  Board.  It  has 
the  control  of  the  certification  of  teachers  in  each  county. 
In  cities,  a  city  Superintendent  and  a  city  Board  of  Educa- 
tion have  the  management  of  the  schools.  The  Boards  of 
Education  have  their  rights  and  duties  defined  in  the  state 
law.  In  another  section  some  light  is  given  upon  the 
sources  of  school  revenue,  and  the  manner  by  which  the 
State  and  County  funds  are  distributed  to  the  different 
districts. 

The  general  government  has  always  fostered  the  public 
school.  Early  in  the  colonial  times  provision  was  made, 


10 


PRACTICAL   AIDS 


in  most  of  the  colonies,  for  the  public  education  of  the 
children.  After  the  colonies  had  ceded  their  surplus  terri- 
tory to  the  United  States  Government,  and  after  the 
acquisition  of  territory  by  purchase  and  treaty,  means 
were  at  once  inaugurated  for  completing  an  accurate 
survey  of  all  government  lands.  Base  and  meridian  lines 
were  established  and  the  Ranges  and  Townships  were 
mapped  off  from  these  lines — Eanges  East  and  West, — 
Townships  North  and  South.  Each  Township  according  to 
United  States  survey  is  six  miles  square  and  contains 
thirty-six  square  miles, — each  of  which  is  known  as  a 
section.  These  sections  are  numbered,  commencing  at  the 
N.  E.  corner  across  to  the  N.  W.  and  then  below  across  in 
the  opposite  direction  back  and  forth  until  the  last  or  thirty- 
sixth  section  is  at  the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  Township — thus — 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

17 

16 

IS 

14 

13 

19 

20J21 

22 

23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

Each  of  these  sections  contains  640  acres.  By  an  early 
act  of  Congress  the  16th  section  was  set  apart  for  the 
schools,  and  by  a  later  act  the  36th  section  was  also  re- 
served. The  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  this  land  were  set  aside 
as  a  permanent  fund  the  interest  of  which,  with  money 


TO    THE    TEACHING   OF    CIVICS  11 

obtained  from  the  rents  of  unsold  lands,  forms  a  part  of 
the  annual  state  school  fund  in  every  state  in  which  the 
government  had  public  lands.  The  following  section  taken 
from  the  State  Constitution  gives  the  legal  statement  of 
this,  as  far  as  California  is  concerned : 

"The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or  that  may 
be  granted  by  the  United  States  for  the  support  of  grammar 
schools  which  may  be  or  may  have  been  disposed  of — and 
the  500,000  acres  of  land  granted  to  the  new  states  under 
an  act  of  Congress  distributing  the  proceeds  of  the  public 
lands  among  the  several  states  of  the  union,  approved  in 
1841: — and  all  estates  of  deceased  persons  who  may  have 
died  without  leaving  a  will  or  heir, — and  also  such  per  cent 
as  may  be  or  may  have  been  granted  by  Congress  on  the 
sale  of  lands  in  this  State, — shall  be  and  remain  a  per- 
petual fund,  the  interest  of  which  together  with  the  rents 
obtained  from  unsold  lands  and  such  other  means  as  the 
State  Legislature  may  provide  shall  be  inviolably  appro- 
priated to  the  support  of  the  common  schools  throughout 
the  State/' 

So  the  general  government,  the  state,  the  county  and  the 
municipality  or  the  entire  district  unite  in  providing  funds 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  common  schools. 

If  we  look  a  little  further  we  shall  see  that  the  general 
government  aids,  financially,  the  State  Universities.  By 
an  act  of  Congress  adopted  July  2,  1862,  the  United  States 
Government  declared  that  "all  money  derived  from  the 


12  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

State  public  lands  donated  by  this  act  shall  be  invested  as 
provided  for  in  the  act,  and  the  interest  of  said  money  shall 
be  inviolably  appropriated  to  the  endowment,  support  and 
maintenance  of  at  least  one  College  of  Agriculture,  etc." 


CHAPTER  III 

THE   TOWN  MEETING 

The  Pilgrims  were  the  most  democratic  people  in  the 
world.  All  their  Church  officers  and  other  rulers  were 
elected  by  themselves.  The  choice  of  these  rulers,  and  the 
discussion  of  all  questions  of  taxation  and  law-making  came 
before  all  the  men  of  proper  age  in  a  town  meeting  where 
every  one  had  the  right  to  speak  and  to  vote.  This  custom 
established  at  so  early  a  date  (1621)  has  been  continued 
with  slight  variation  throughout  the  entire  New  England 
section.  The  town  meeting  is  a  Direct  Primary  and  an 
election  combined. 

"All  public  matters  were  discussed  and  decided  in  the 
town  meeting.  There  every  man  met  his  neighbor  on  equal 
terms.  There  the  laws  were  made.  It  was  a  pure  govern- 
ment by  the  people,  such  a  government  as  was  known 
nowhere  else  in  either  this  country  or  in  Europe,  except, 
perhaps,  in  a  few  districts  of  Switzerland.  The  nearest 
approach  to  it  in  America  was  the  Virginia  House  of 
Burgesses,  but  that  was  made  up  of  representatives  of 
plantations  and  later  of  counties,  and  was  not  a  meeting  of 
the  whole  people.  The  laws  the  Pilgrims  made,  they 
enforced. ' ' — Montgomery. 

"The  inhabitants  of  the  town  and  the  members  of  the 
congregation  were  the  same  persons.  Where  they  met  for 


14  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

church  business,  as  to  choose  a  minister  or  to  admit  new 
members,  it  was  a  parish  meeting ;  when  they  met  for  civil 
business,  as  for  instance  to  appropriate  money  for  making 
a  road  or  building  a  school-house,  it  was  a  town  meeting. 
In  either  case  it  was  a  meeting  of  free  people  who  governed 
themselves. ' ' — Fiske. 

' '  The  town  meeting  was  a  training  in  public  affairs.  At 
one  of  these  meetings  the  people,  in  addition  to  many  other 
powers,  could  levy  taxes  and  direct  the  purposes  for  which 
the  money  thus  raised  could  be  expended ;  could  elect  dele- 
gates to  the  legislature  of  the  Colony;  could  elect  the 
officers  for  the  town  and  direct  them  as  to  their  duties,  and 
could  also  provide  for  the  support  of  free  schools. ' ' — Doub. 

At  first  the  church  and  the  "town  house "  were  the  same. 
Notices  of  the  annual  town  meetings  were  given  at  the 
proper  time,  and  at  the  appointed  day  all  the  voters  of  the 
town  met  and  voted  for  the  men  of  their  preference  for 
"Select-men"  and  for  other  officers.  The  principal  man- 
agement of  the  affairs  of  the  town  was  and  still  is  entrusted 
to  a  board  of  three  men  called  ' '  Select-men.  ' '  All  matters 
of  public  interest  may  be  discussed  and  voted  on.  The 
nearest  approach  to  this  method  of  choosing  officers  is  seen 
in  the  election  of  school  trustees  in  the  rural  districts  in 
our  State. 


CHAPTER  IV 
THE   DIRECT   PEIMAEY 

In  early  days  in  the  New  England  colonies,  there  was 
established  a  pure  representative  democracy.  This  was 
exemplified  in  the  town  meeting,  at  which  all  of  the  business 
of  the  town  was  transacted.  It  was  a  combination  of  a 
primary  and  a  general  election,  each  voter  voting  for  his 
own  individual  choice  for  every  office  without  the  necessity 
of  a  nominating  convention  to  determine  the  persons  for 
whom  votes  should  be  cast.  In  this  era  of  our  history 
purity  in  government  prevailed,  but  with  the  growth  of  the 
country  in  population  and  power,  political  parties  gradu- 
ally assumed  control  of  the  general  elections, — though  even 
to  the  present  time  in  New  England  the  local  officers  are 
elected  at  the  annual  Town  Meeting  just  as  they  were  two 
hundred  and  fifty  years  ago.  Gradually  the  people  have 
lost  control  and  the  political  manipulators  have  gained  the 
ascendency.  To  this  ascendency  the  present  corruption  in 
state,  county  and  municipal  politics  is  largely  due.  An 
effort  has  been  made  during  the  last  twenty  years  to  con- 
duct the  Primary  elections  in  such  a  way  as  to  neutralize 
the  influence  of  the  machine.  This,  however,  has  thus  far 
been  practically  a  failure,  and  it  is  now  proposed  to  bring 
about  purity  in  politics,  as  far  as  the  nomination  of  can- 
didates is  concerned  by  using  what  is  known  as  the  * '  Direct 


16  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Primary."  This  allows  voters  to  express  their  preference 
as  to  candidates  before  the  nominating  convention  meets. 
It  has  already  been  adopted  in  some  form  in  many  of  the 
States.  Governor  Hughes  of  New  York  speaking  of  cor- 
ruption in  politics  and  the  Direct  Primary  says :  ' '  Experi- 
ence shows  that  under  the  present  system  the  voters  of  the 
party,  except  there  is  some  mighty  upheaval,  have  very 
little  to  say,  as  one  or  two  in  control  virtually  appoint 
those  who  will  stand  as  the  representatives  of  the  party. 
This  is  not  a  representative  government 

' '  If  we  elect  a  governor  by  direct  vote  of  the  people,  how 
is  it  a  subversion  of  representative  government  for  the 
enrolled  voters  of  a  party  to  choose  their  candidate  for 
Governor  by  direct  vote  ? ' '  According  to  Governor  Hughes 
"The  direct  primary  is  but  a  step  in  the  evolution  of 
popular  government. ' ' 

To  illustrate  we  cite  the  recent  direct  primary  in  the 
State  of  Oregon.  This  resulted  in  the  election  of  a  Demo- 
cratic United  States  Senator  by  a  Republican  Legislature. 
The  candidates  for  the  legislature  pledged  themselves  before 
the  election  to  support  for  United  States  Senator  the  person 
whom  the  people  should  select  in  a  direct  primary  to  be 
held  at  the  time  of  the  general  election.  Although  Oregon 
is  usually  a  Republican  State,  it  had  at  the  time  a  Democrat 
in  the  Governor's  chair,  Governor  Chamberlain,  and  such 
was  his  popularity  with  the  people,  that  he  was  elected 
by  the  Direct  Primary  as  the  People's  choice  for  Senator. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  17 

The  members  of  the  Legislature,  true  to  their  ante-election 
promises,  promptly  elected  him  to  the  upper  house  of  Con- 
gress for  the  full  term  of  six  years.  They  did  this,  to  their 
honor,  be  it  said,  in  spite  of  the  protests  of  the  Republican 
bosses  in  the  State  lobby.  Much  can  be  said  in  favor  of 
the  "Direct  Primary" — little  against  it.  It  gives  the 
people  an  opportunity  to  say  definitely  whom  they  wish  to 
govern  them.  It  does  away  with  the  corrupting  influences 
that  always  appear  in  the  ordinary  nominating  convention. 

It  bids  fair  to  be  one  of  the  most  effective  means  that  the 
people  are  trying  in  order  to  purify  the  political  atmos- 
phere. It  does  not  do  away  with  political  conventions — 
not  at  all.  The  convention  in  some  forms  seems  to  be  a 
necessity.  The  convention  can  formally  place  a  ticket  in  the 
field  if  necessary,  ratifying  the  choice  of  the  people  as 
expressed  at  the  primary.  It  can  adopt  a  platform, 
provide  funds  for  the  campaign  and  take  the  general  man- 
agement, but  it  must  nominate  for  the  different  offices  those 
only  whose  names  have  received  the  approval  of  the  voters 
at  the  primary.  This  plan  is  sure  to  prevail  in  some 
form  all  over  the  country.  The  people  everywhere  are 
coming  to  the  front  and  are  taking  an  interest  in  public 
affairs  that  they  have  never  taken  before. 

Among  other  means  that  are  being  proposed  to  bring 
people  into  closer  touch  with  the  Government  in  the  man- 
agement of  affairs,  may  be  mentioned  the  Recall,  the 
Initiative  and  the  Referendum.  When  these  plans  are 


18  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

perfected  the  people  will  again  assume  the  control.    Let  us 
briefly  consider  each  of  these. 

THE    RECALL 

The  provisions  of  the  Recall  as  already  established  vary 
as  to  details,  but  the  principal  point  in  the  plan  is  this: 
If  any  elective  officer  fails  to  "make  good"  an  election 
must  be  held  to  elect  his  successor,  on  the  petition  of 
twenty-five  per  cent  of  the  voters  who  voted  at  the  preceding 
election. 

In  preparing  the  ballot  the  name  of  the  officer  whose  re- 
call is  demanded  shall  appear  as  well  as  the  names  of  others 
who  have  the  right  to  run  for  the  office  either  by  petition 
or  nomination.  If  a  majority  vote  is  cast  against  the  in- 
cumbent he  must  vacate  his  office  and  give  way  to  the  one 
who  has  received  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast.  If  the 
incumbent  whose  Recall  has  been  asked  shall  receive  at  this 
election-  a  majority  he  shall  be  considered  as  vindicated  and 
shall  continue  in  office.  The  theory  of  the  Recall  is  correct 
and  if  conducted  squarely  it  may  be  of  great  service  in 
doing  away  with  corruption  and  fraud. 

THE  INITIATIVE 

This  simply  means  that  the  people  may  signify  to  the 
legislative  body  the  kind  of  legislation  that  they  desire,  and 
it  is  then  the  duty  of  the  legislative  body  to  carry  out  the 
wishes  of  the  petitioners  by  suitable  legislation.  It  is  in- 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OP    CIVICS  19 

tended  that  the  people  in  this  way  shall  have  a  direct  voice 
in  making  the  laws  and  ordinances  under  which  they  are 
to  live. 

THE  REFERENDUM 

This  is  another  means  of  bringing  the  people  in  close 
touch  with  the  law-making  power.  It  is  the  opposite  of 
the  initiative  in  this,  that  the  law-making  body  proposes  the 
law  or  ordinance,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  submits  it  to  the 
vote  of  the  people  before  passing  it  in  final  form.  If  it  is 
rejected  by  the  people  the  rejection  is  final.  If  accepted 
by  the  people  a  bill  is  introduced  containing  the  provisions 
voted  on  by  the  people,  and  this  bill  becomes  a  law  on  being 
accepted  in  the  legal  manner. 


CHAPTER  V 

ORGANIZATION    AND    WORK    OF    POLITICAL    PARTIES— 
ORGANIZATION    OF    CONVENTIONS 

In  the  complete  organization  of  any  political  party  there 
is  a  close  connection  extending  from  the  precinct,  through 
the  county  and  state  to  the  nation — in  other  words,  there 
is  a  wheel  within  a  wheel.  Each  party  has  its  precinct  or 
ward  clubs.  Each  has  a  central  committee  in  each  county, 
composed  of  members  from  different  precincts  or  districts. 
The  management  of  the  party  as  far  as  the  politics  of 
the  county  are  concerned  is  vested  in  this  committee, 
which  is  duly  organized  by  having  a  Chairman,  a  Secretary, 
and  other  officers  elected  or  appointed.  The  members  of 
this  committee  are  selected  from  the  different  precincts  of 
the  county  and  are  chosen  by  the  County  Convention  of 
the  party  for  a  term  of  two  years.  The  representatives 
are  named  by  the  delegates  from  the  precincts,  but  their 
appointment  rests  with  the  Convention  which  usually 
ratifies  the  selection  of  the  precinct  delegations. 

The  management  of  the  affairs  of  a  party  so  far  as  the 
politics  of  the  state  are  concerned  is  vested  in  a  State 
Central  Committee.  This  committee  is  composed  of  mem- 
bers from  each  county  chosen  by  the  State  Convention  for  a 
term  of  four  years.  These  members  are  selected  by  the 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  21 

delegation  from  the  respective  counties,  and  their  selection 
is  usually  ratified  by  the  convention  itself. 

When  it  comes  to  the  management  of  national  politics 
we  must  look  to  the  National  Committee  of  the  party.  This 
committee  is  composed  of  members  from  each  state  and 
territory  appointed  for  a  term  of  four  years.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  committee  are  selected  by  the  delegates  from  the 
several  states  and  their  selection  is  usually  ratified  by  the 
National  Convention  itself. 

The  number  of  delegates  to  which  each  precinct,  county 
or  state  is  entitled  in  the  county,  state  or  national  conven- 
tion is  in  proportion  to  the  vote  of  the  party  at  the  last 
general  election. 

The  initiative  in  a  national,  state,  county  or  municipal 
campaign  rests  with  the  Chairman  of  the  regular  Execu- 
tive Central  Committee.  He  calls  the  Committee  together 
and  they  select  the  time  and  place  for  holding  the  con- 
vention. 

To  illustrate  the  organization  outlined  above  and  to  ex- 
plain how  complete  this  organization  is  and  show  the  part 
which  each  voter  may  have  in  the  politics  of  the  country 
we  will  suppose  that  the  present  year  is  the  year  for  the 
election  of  President  and  Vice-President. 

Early  in  the  year,  the  chairman  of  the  National  Com- 
mittee of  each  party  calls  a  meeting  of  the  Committee. 
This  is  made  several  weeks  in  advance  of  the  meeting  so 
that  as  many  of  the  members  as  possible  may  be  present. 


22  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

At  this  meeting  the  time  and  place  for  holding  the  con- 
vention are  determined  and  the  call  is  issued  to  the  Central 
Committee  of  each  State.  This  call  is  in  general,  like  the 
following : 

"A  convention  of  the  party  of  the  United 

States  is  hereby  called  to  meet  on  the day  of , 

19 — ,  in  the  city  of ,  for  the  purpose  of 

placing  in  nomination  candidates  for  President  and 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States  and  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  National  Committee  to  serve  for  the  ensuing 
term  of  four  years,  and  for  the  transaction  of  any  other 
business  that  may  properly  come  before  the  convention. 

The  following,  based  upon  the  vote  at  the  last 

presidential  election  shows  the  number  of  delegates  and 
alternates  to  which  each  State  is  entitled."  Then  follows 
an  alphabetical  list  of  states  beginning  with  Alabama. 

On  the  receipt  of  this  call  by  the  Chairman  of  the  various 
State  Central  Committees  the  same  action  is  taken  as  out- 
lined above  for  the  National  Committee.  A  meeting  of 
the  Committee  is  called  and,  at  this  meeting,  the  time  and 
place  for  holding  the  State  Convention  is  determined,  and 
a  call  is  issued  to  the  Central  Committee  of  each  county. 
This  call  shows  the  number  of  delegates  allotted  to  each 
county — based  upon  the  party  vote  in  the  county  at  the 
last  general  election.  The  general  form  of  the  call  is 
similar  to  the  one  issued  by  the  National  Committee. 

The  Chairman  of  the  County  Central  Committee  issues  a 


TO    THE    TEACHING   OP    CIVICS  23 

call  for  a  County  Convention.  This  call  shows  the  number 
of  delegates  that  each  precinct  or  district  is  entitled  to, — 
based  upon  the  party  vote  at  the  last  election. 

When  the  County  Convention  meets  delegates  and 
alternates  are  chosen  to  the  State  Convention,  and  a  County 
Committee  is  appointed  to  serve  for  two  years. 

The  State  Convention  meets  and  appoints  the  delegates 
and  alternates  to  the  National  Convention,  and  also  a  State 
Central  Committee  to  serve  for  four  years. 

Besides  the  National,  the  State,  and  the  County  Commit- 
tees, every  Congressional  District  has  a  special  Congress- 
sional  Committee  to  look  out  for  the  campaign  for 
Congressmen,  and  every  City,  unless  otherwise  determined 
by  its  Charter,  has  a  City  Central  Committee  which  manages 
the  political  affairs  of  the  party  as  far  as  the  City  is 
concerned. 

Delegates  to  the  County  and  City  Convention  are  usually 
selected  by  a  primary  election. 

ORGANIZATION  OF  CONVENTIONS 

The  method  of  procedure  in  the  organization  of  all  con- 
ventions is  the  same. 

The  chairman  of  the  Central  Committee  calls  the  dele- 
gates to  order,  and,  after  announcing  the  purpose  for 
which  they  have  been  called  together,  he  proceeds  to  organ- 
ize the  convention  by  the  election  of  a  temporary  chairman 


24  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

and  other  temporary  officers.     The  temporary  chairman 
appoints  the  following  committees : 

1.  On  Credentials. 

2.  On  Permanent  Organization,  and  Order  of  Busi- 

ness. 

3.  On  Kesolutions. 

An  adjournment  is  then  taken  to  give  these  committees 
time  to  report.  In  a  National  or  State  Convention  the  Com- 
mittee on  Credentials  is  a  very  important  one  sometimes, 
as  this  committee,  in  cases  of  contest,  has  to  decide  which 
of  the  contestants  are  entitled  to  seats  in  the  convention. 

On  reassembling  after  adjournment,  the  organization  of 
the  convention  is  completed  by  receiving  and  adopting  the 
report  of  the  three  committees  mentioned  above. 

The  report  of  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  in  a  National 
Convention  forms  the  "Platform"  of  the  party  for  the 
campaign.  This  report  should  specify  clearly  the  policy 
of  the  party  upon  every  important  public  question. 

The  campaign  of  1832  is  noted  for  originating  national 
' '  nominating  conventions ' '  and  party  ' '  platforms. ' '  After 
Washington's  time  candidates  had,  until  then,  been  nomi- 
nated by  members  of  Congress  in  Caucus. 

The  "Anti-Masonic"  party  held  the  first  National  Nomi- 
nating Convention  ever  held  in  the  United  States,  in  1821. 


CHAPTER   VI 

GENERAL    OUTLINE— MUNICIPAL,    COUNTY,    STATE,    AND 
NATIONAL    GOVERNMENTS 

If  we  look  for  a  moment  to  the  organized  governments  of 
towns,  counties,  states  and  the  nation  as  a  whole,  we  shall 
see  the  three  departments  of  the  government  extending 
through  all  of  these.    Thus  in  the  town  or  city  we  have  the 
Mayor — executive 
Council — legislative 
The  Justice's  Court 
The  Police  Court         ^judicial 
The  City  Attorney     J 
In  the  County  we  have 
The  Board  of  Supervisors — legislative 
The  Sheriff  and  His  Assistants — executive 
The  Justice  Court 
The  Supreme  Court    \-judicial 
The  District  Attorney  J 
In  the  State  we  have 
The  Legislature — legislative 

The  Governor  and  other    1 

V  executive 
State  Officers  J 

The  Superior  Courts 

The  Court  of  Appeals  1 

The  Supreme  Court        >  judicial 

The  Attorney-General    J 


26  PRACTICAL  AIDS 

In  the  nation  we  have 
Congress — legislative 

The  President  and  ^  ,. 

I  executive 
Cabinet  J 

The  Courts  and       "i 

Attorney-General  j 

The  most  enlightened  countries  have  a  legislative  body 
composed  of  two  houses.  They  also  have  courts  and  all  of 
the  machinery  necessary  to  carry  on  successfully  the  work 
of  the  judicial  department.  The  ruler,  whether  his  title  be 
king,  emperor  or  president,  together  with  his  cabinet  form 
the  executive  department.  The  purpose  of  two  houses 
forming  the  legislative  department  is  that  one  may  serve  as 
a  check  upon  hasty  legislation.  In  our  Congress  the 
senators  represent  the  State  as  a  whole,  while  the  Repre- 
sentatives represent  the  people  directly. 


CHAPTER  VII 

EVENTS    LEADING    TO    THE    ADOPTION    OF    THE 
CONSTITUTION 

There  were  three  forms  of  government  in  the  Colonies. 
The  character  and  nature  of  each  of  these  may  be  learned 
from  any  history. 

Khode  Island  and  Connecticut  were  governed  under  a 
charter. 

Pennsylvania,  Delaware  and  Maryland  were  proprietary 
governments. 

Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  Virginia, 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  were  ruled  by 
a  governor  appointed  by  the  King — hence  they  were  called 
Royal  Provinces. 

On  July  30th,  1619,  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia 
was  organized  in  the  little  wooden  church  in  Jamestown,  by 
Governor  Yeardley  and  his  advisers.  This  was  the  first 
Representative  Assembly  in  America. 

"This  picture  is  worth  remembering.  The  Governor  and 
his  council,  keeping  their  hats  on,  took  the  front  seats,  while 
the  burgesses  occupied  those  in  the  rear.  The  session  was 
opened  by  prayer,  after  which  each  member  took  the  oath. 
The  burgesses  were  elected  by  the  people,  two  from  each 
neighborhood.  When  the  Revolution  came  150  years  later, 
the  Virginia  House  of  Burgesses  furnished  a  larger  list  of 
able  men  than  any  other  assembly  in  America." 


28  PRACTICAL    AIDS 

No  definite  plans  or  even  attempts  at  united  action  on 
the  part  of  these  colonies  were  made  until  1754.  During 
this  year  the  First  Colonial  Congress  met  at  Albany,  N.  Y. 
This  is  sometimes  known  as  the  Albany  Convention. 
Twenty-five  delegates  from  New  England,  Maryland,  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  York  met  to  determine  some  course  of 
action  to  be  followed  during  the  struggle  between  the 
English  and  French,  for  supremacy  in  America;  also,  to 
meet  delegates  from  the  six  nations  (Indian  tribes)  whom 
they  hoped  to  win  over  to  the  sides  of  the  English.  A 
plan  of  union  was  drawn  up  by  Franklin.  This  was  called 
the  Albany  plan.  It  was  not  approved  by  either  the  Eng- 
lish government  or  the  Colonies.  Each  claimed  that  the 
other  derived  too  much  power  from  it.  However,  this  was 
the  first  step  toward  the  permanent  union  that  came  a 
score  of  years  later. 

In  1765  the  Second  Colonial  Congress  met  in  New  York, 
to  protest  against  the  passage  of  the  "Stamp  Act"  and 
other  oppressive  measures  which  had  been  adopted  by 
Parliament.  This  Congress  is  sometimes  known  as  the 
"Stamp  Act  Congress."  Delegates  from  nine  Colonies 
were  in  attendance,  New  Hampshire,  Virginia,  North  Cai- 
olina  and  Georgia  being  unrepresented.  A ' '  Bill  of  Rights ' ' 
was  passed  and  a  petition  to  the  King  for  redress  of 
grievance  was  prepared. 

In  1774  the  First  Continental  Congress,  proposed  by 
Virginia,  met  in  Philadelphia,  Sept.  1st.  Five  acts  of 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  29 

Parliament  had  been  passed,  aimed  directly  at  the  colonies. 
These  acts  were: 

The  Boston  Port  Bill. 

The  Transportation  Bill. 

The  Massachusetts  Bill. 

The  Quartering  Act. 

The  Quebec  Act. 

There  were  forty-four  delegates  from  eleven  colonies  at 
first,  and,  later,  eleven  more  delegates  came  and  all  of  the 
colonies  except  Georgia  were  represented. 

In  1775  the  Second  Continental  Congress  met  in  Philadel- 
phia. The  management  of  affairs  during  the  greater  part 
of  the  Revolutionary  War  devolved  upon  this  Congress.  It 
was  this  Congress  that  passed  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, July  4th,  1776.  In  1777  Articles  of  Confedera- 
tion were  adopted  and  ratified  by  the  required  number  of 
Colonies  before  1781.  The  Articles  went  into  effect  in  1781 
and  were  the  guide  in  matters  of  government  until  1789. 
The  Articles  were  so  unsatisfactory  that  in  1787  a  Con- 
stitutional Convention  was  called  in  which  all  the  colonies 
except  Rhode  Island  were  represented  and  after  a  prolonged 
session  of  four  months  the  present  Constitution  was  adopted 
on  Sept.  17th.  It  was  ratified  by  the  requisite  number  of 
states  by  the  year  1789,  and  Washington  was  elected  the 
first  president. 

In  the  year  1787  Congress  passed  an  Ordinance  affecting 
the  North- West  Territory.  This  is  known  in  history  as 


30  PRACTICAL    AIDS 

"The  Ordinance  of  1787."  "This  is  a  famous  document 
because — It  laid  the  foundation  for  the  government  of  our 
territories.  It  forever  prohibited  negro  slavery  in  the 
North- West  Territory.  It  bestowed  religious  liberty  upon 
all  settlers  in  this  region,  and  it  provided  that  schools  and 
the  means  of  education  shall  forever  be  encouraged.  The 
making  of  this  ordinance  was  one  of  the  wisest  and  one  of 
the  last  acts  of  the  Congress  of  the  Confederation.  It  gave 
the  whole  country  a  common  interest  in  the  new  territory. ' ' 
(Mace.) 

Some  of  the  faults  in  the  Articles  of  Confederation  were 
these :  There  was  no  president,  no  supreme  court,  and  there 
was  but  a  single  house  of  Congress,  elected  by  the  legisla- 
tures of  the  States.  Congress  had  no  authority  to  interpret 
or  enforce  its  own  laws.  It  had  power  to  levy  taxes,  but  no 
power  to  collect  them.  It  had  no  power  to  protect  com- 
merce and  the  Government  was  too  weak  to  preserve  order. 

1  i  The  Articles  of  Confederation  were  made  by  the  States. 
We,  the  people,  made  the  Constitution. ' ' 

After  Congress  met  for  the  first  session  after  the  Con- 
stitution went  into  effect,  it  organized  these  four  executive 
departments,  viz. :  Department  of  State,  Department  of 
War,  Department  of  the  Treasury  and  Department  of 
Justice. 

President  Washington  appointed  Thomas  Jefferson  the 
first  Secretary  of  State,  Alexander  Hamilton  the  first 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Genl.  Henry  Knox  the  first 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  31 

Secretary  of  War,  and  Edmund  Randolph  the  first 
Attorney- General.  These  constituted  the  first  Cabinet. 
The  other  Cabinet  departments  have  been  created  since. 
They  are  five,  as  follows:  Post-Master-General,  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture and  Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor. 

The  salary  of  each  Cabinet  officer  is  $12,000  per  annum. 
The  duties  of  these  Cabinet  officers  may  be  outlined  briefly 
as  follows: 

Secretary  of  State. — He  is  the  keeper  of  the  Great  Seal 
of  the  United  States.  He  issues  passports  to  American 
citizens  visiting  foreign  countries.  He  also  isssues  warrants 
for  the  extradition  of  criminals. 

He  issues  proclamations  by  direction  of  the  President. 
He  has  charge  of  the  diplomatic  service  and  foreign  affairs. 
He  is,  in  reality,  the  President's  Prime  Minister. 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury. — He  has  the  entire  control  of 
the  collection  of  revenues,  of  the  mints,  of  the  coinage  of 
money  and  of  the  currency, — of  National  Banks  and  of  the 
Life  Saving  Service.  He  must  prepare  and  suggest  plans 
for  raising  revenue;  he  must  superintend  the  collection  of 
revenues  coming  from  customs,  duties  and  internal  taxes. 
He  must  audit  the  accounts  of  all  departments. 

Secretary  of  War. — He  has  charge  of  the  United  States 
Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  and  also  of  all  military 
stations  and  forts.  He  organizes  the  militia  and  regular 
armed  forces  of  the  Nation. 


32  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Attorney- General. — He  controls  the  United  States  Dis- 
trict Attorneys  and  Marshals.  He  is  the  President's  legal 
adviser,  also  the  legal  adviser  of  all  Cabinet  officers.  He  has 
charge  of  all  suits  in  which  the  United  States  is  a  party. 
All  of  the  United  States  Marshals  and  United  States  Dis- 
trict Attorneys  are  attached  to  this  department. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Navy. — He  has  control  of  Navy 
Yards  and  Naval  Stations,  also  the  Naval  Academy  at  Anna- 
polis. He  organizes  the  Naval  Forces  of  the  Nation. 

The  Post-Master  General, — He  has  charge  of  the  do- 
mestic and  foreign  postal  service;  establishes  and  discon- 
tinues post-offices  and  postal  service;  appoints  certain 
post-masters,  and,  with  the  consent  of  the  President, 
arranges  postal  treaties  with  foreign  nations. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Interior. — His  work  is  the  most 
varied  of  all  the  Cabinet  Officers,  and  is  done  almost  en- 
tirely by  departments,  each  of  which  has  a  head  working 
under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary.  Some  of  these  de- 
partments are:  General  Land  Office,  Indian  Bureau, 
Education,  Patent  Office,  Pension  Bureau,  Geological  Sur- 
veys, Census,  Commissioner  of  Railroads,  etc. 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. — He  has  charge  of  the 
Weather  Bureau  and  the  Forest  Reserves.  He  gathers  in- 
formation relative  to  fruit  raising,  farming  in  general,  the 
wine  industry,  grazing,  etc. 

Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor. — His  duties,  as  well 
as  those  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  were  formerly  a 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  33 

part  of  the  work  of  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  To  obtain 
more  efficient  service  it  was  found  necessary  to  form  at  first 
one,  and  shortly  afterward,  a  second  department.  The 
Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor  has  charge  of  the  Light- 
houses, Coast  Survey,  Immigration,  National  Census. 

All  Cabinet  officers  report  to  the  President  annually  with 
regard  to  matters  pertaining  to  their  respective  depart- 
ments. These  reports  are  made  so  that  the  President  may 
have  all  information  necessary  to  assist  him  in  preparing 
his  annual  message  to  Congress,  which  must  be  ready  on  the 
first  Monday  in  December. 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES— 17871 

We  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect 
union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquility,  provide  for  the 
common  defense,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings 
of  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this 
Constitution  for  the  United  States  of  America. 

AETICLE   I 

SECTION  1.  All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in 
a  Congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Eepresentatives. 

SECTION  2.  1  The  House  of  Eepresentatives  shall  be  composed  of 
members  chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States, 
and  the  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for 
electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  State  legislature. 

2  No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  have  attained 
to  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of 
that  State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

3  Eepresentatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the 
several  States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union,  according  to 
their  respective  numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the 
whole  number  of  free  persons,  including  those  bound  to  service  for  a 
term  of  years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three  fifths  of  all 
other  persons.2     The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made  within  three 
years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and 
within  every  subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as  they 
shall  by  law  direct.     The  number  of  representatives  shall  not  exceed 

1  This   reprint   of   the   Constitution   exactly   follows   the   text   of   that   in   the 
Department  of  State  at  Washington,  save  in  the  spelling  of  a  few  words. 

2  The  last  half  of  this  sentence  was  superseded  by  the  i3th  and  i4th  Amend- 
ments. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  35 

one  for  every  thirty  thousand,  but  each  State  shall  have  at  least  one 
representative ;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State  of 
New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  choose  three,  Massachusetts  eight, 
Ehode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations  one,  Connecticut  five,  New 
York  six,  New  Jersey  four,  Pennsylvania  eight,  Delaware  one,  Mary- 
land six,  Virginia  ten,  North  Carolina  five,  South  Carolina  five,  and 
Georgia  three. 

4  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  State,  the 
executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such 
vacancies. 

5  The  House  of  Eepresentatives  shall  choose  their  speaker  and 
other  officers,  and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

SECTION  3.  1  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  com- 
posed of  two  senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  legislature 
thereof  for  six  years ;  and  each  senator  shall  have  one  vote. 

2  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the 
first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three 
classes.     The  seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated 
at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year,  of  the  second  class  at  the  ex- 
piration of  the  fourth  year,  and  of  the  third  class  at  the  expiration 
of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one  third  may  be  chosen  every  second  year; 
and   if  vacancies   happen   by   resignation,   or   otherwise,   during   the 
recess  of  the  legislature  of  any  State,  the  executive  thereof  may  make 
temporary  appointments  until  the   next  meeting   of   the  legislature, 
which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

3  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  to 
the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that 
State  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

4  The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  President  of 
the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote,  unless  they  be  equally  divided. 


36  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

5  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also  a  president 
pro  tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice  President,  or  when  he  shall 
exercise  the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States. 

6  The  Senate  shaU  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments. 
When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation. 
When  the  President  of  the  United  States  is  tried,  the  chief  justice 
shall  preside:    and  no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concur- 
rence of  two  thirds  of  the  members  present. 

7  Judgment  in  cases   of  impeachment  shall  not   extend   further 
than  to  removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy 
any  office  of  honor,  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States:  but  the 
party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment, 
trial,  judgment  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

SECTION  4.  1  The  times,  places,  and  manner  of  holding  elections 
for  senators  and  representatives,  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State  by 
the  legislature  thereof;  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time  by  law 
make  or  alter  such  regulations,  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing 
senators. 

2  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year,  and 
such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they 
shall  by  law  appoint  a  different  day. 

SECTION  5.  1  Each  House  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections, 
returns  and  qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of 
each  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business;  but  a  smaller  number 
may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the 
attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such  manner,  and  under  such 
penalties  as  each  House  may  provide. 

2  Each  House  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish 
its  members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two 
thirds,  expel  a  member. 

3  Each  House  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  37 

time  to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may  in  their 
judgment  require  secrecy;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of 
either  House  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one  fifth  of  those 
present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

4  Neither  House,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall,  without  the 
consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any 
other  place  than  that  in  which  the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

SECTION  6.  1  The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a 
compensation  for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid 
out  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States.  They  shall  in  all  cases, 
except  treason,  felony  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from 
arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective 
Houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same;  and  for  any 
speech  or  debate  in  either  House,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any 
other  place. 

2  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he 
was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority  of  the 
United  States,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments 
whereof  shall  have  been  increased  during  such  time;  and  no  person 
holding  any  office  under  the  United  States  shall  be  a  member  of 
either  House  during  his  continuance  in  office. 

SECTION  7.  1  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
House  of  Eepresentatives ;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur 
with  amendments  as  on  other  bills. 

2  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Bepresentatives 
and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  become  a  law,  be  presented  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States;  if  he  approves  he  shall  sign  it,  but 
if  not  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections  to  that  House  in  which 
it  shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on 
their  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  after  such  recon- 
sideration two  thirds  of  that  House  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it 


38  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

shall  be  sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to  the  other  House,  by 
which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two  thirds 
of  that  House,  it  shall  become  a  law.  But  in  all  such  cases  the  votes 
of  both  Houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names 
of  the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the 
journal  of  each  House  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned 
by  the  President  within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall 
have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner 
as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  adjournment 
prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

3  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Eepresentatives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a 
question  of  adjournment)  shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States;  and  before  the  same  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  ap- 
proved by  him,  or  being  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by 
two  thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Eepresentatives,  according  to 
the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill. 

SECTION  8.  1  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect 
taxes,  duties,  imposts  and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts  and  provide  for 
the  common  defense  and  general  welfare  of  the  United  States;  but 
all  duties,  imposes  and  excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the 
United  States; 

2  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States; 

3  To   regulate   commerce   with   foreign   nations,    and   among   the 
several  States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes; 

4  To  establish  an  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,   and  uniform 
laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States; 

5  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin, 
and  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures; 

6  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities 
and  current  coin  of  the  United  States; 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OP    CIVICS  39 

7  To  establish  post  offices  and  post  roads; 

8  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts  by  securing 
for  limited  times  to  authors  and  inventors  the  exclusive  right  to  their 
respective  writings  and  discoveries; 

9     To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court; 

10  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the 
high  seas,  and  offenses  against  the  law  of  nations; 

11  To   declare  war,   grant  letters   of  marque   and  reprisal,   and 
make  rules  concerning  captures  on  land  and  water; 

12  To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appropriation  of  money 
to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years; 

13  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy; 

14  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land 
and  naval  forces; 

15  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of 
the  Union,  suppress  insurrections  and  repel  invasions; 

16  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming  and  disciplining  the  militia, 
and  for  governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service 
of  the  United  States,  reserving  to  the  States  respectively  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  officers,  and  the  authority  of  training  the  militia  according 
to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Congress; 

17  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever,  over 
such  district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by  session  of 
particular  States  and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of 
the  government  of  the  United  States,1  and  to  exercise  like  authority 
over  all  places  purchased  by  the  consent  of  the  legislature  of  the  State 
in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts,  magazines, 
arsenals,  dockyards,  and  other  needful  buildings;    and 

18  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for 
carrying  into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers 

1  The  District  of  Columbia,  which  comes  under  the  regulations,  had  not  then 
been  erected. 


40  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

vested  by  this  Constitution  in  the  government  of  the  United  States, 
or  in  any  department  or  officer  thereof. 

SECTION  9.  1  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as 
any  of  the  States  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not 
be  prohibited  by  the  Congress  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eight,  but  a  tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  importa- 
tion, not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  person.2 

2  The  privileges  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  sus- 
pended, unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety 
may  require  it. 

3  No  bill  of  attainder  or  ex  post  facto  law  shall  be  passed. 

4  No  capitation,  or  other  direct,  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  propor- 
tion to  the  census  or  enumeration  hereinbefore  directed  to  be  taken. 

5  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from  any  State. 

6  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or 
revenue  to  the  ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another:    nor  shall 
vessels  bound  to,  or  from,  one  State  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay 
duties  in  another. 

7  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  in  consequence 
of  appropriations  made  by  law;  and  a  regular  statement  and  account 
of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published 
from  time  to  time. 

8  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States:  and 
no  person  holding  any  office   of  profit   or  trust   under  them,   shall, 
without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument, 
office,  or  title,  of  any  kind  whatever,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign 
State. 

SECTION  10.1  1  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or 
confederation;  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal;  coin  money;  emit 
bills  of  credit;  make  anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in 


2  A  temporary  clause,  no  longer  in  force. 

1  See  also  the  loth,  i3th,  i4th,  and  isth  Amendments. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OP    CIVICS  41 

payment  of  debts;  pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto  law,  or 
law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts,  or  grant  any  title  of  nobilty. 

2  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any 
imposts  or  duties  on  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  abso- 
lutely necessary  for  executing  its  inspection  laws :   and  the  net  produce 
of  all  duties  and  imposts  laid  by  any  State  on  imports  or  exports, 
shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States;  and  all  such 
laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of  the  Congress. 

3  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty 
of  tonnage,  keep  troops,  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into 
any  agreement  or  compact  with  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  power, 
or  engage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger 
as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

AETICLE    II 

SECTION  1.  1  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President 
of  the  United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the 
term  of  four  years,  and,  to  gether  with  the  Vice  President,  chosen  for 
the  same  term,  be  elected,  as  follows 

2  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature 
thereof  may  direct,  a  number  of  electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number  of 
senators  and  representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  the 
Congress:  but  no  senator  or  representative,  or  person  holding  an 
office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  appointed  an 
elector. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,'  and  vote  by  ballot 
for  two  persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of 
the  same  State  with  themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list  of  all 
the  persons  voted  for,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each;  which 
list  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  president  of  the 
Senate.  The  president  of  the  Senate,  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the 


42  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Senate  and  House  of  Bepresentatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and 
the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest 
number  of  votes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority 
of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed;  and  if  there  be  more  than 
one  who  have  such  majority,  and  have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  then 
the  House  of  Eepresentatives  shall  immediately  choose  by  ballot  one 
of  them  for  President;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from 
the  five  highest  on  the  list  the  said  house  shall  in  like  manner  choose 
the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken 
by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having  one  vote;  a 
quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from 
two  thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  choice.  In  every  case,  after  the  choice  of  the  Presi* 
dent,  the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors 
shall  be  the  Vice  President,  and  if  there  should  remain  two  or  more 
who  have  equal  votes,  the  Senate  shall  choose  from  them  by  ballot  the 
Vice  President.1 

3  The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors, 
and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes;  which  day  shall  be 
the  same  throughout  the  United  States. 

4  No  person  except  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall 
be  eligible  to  the  office  of  President;   neither  shall  any  person  be 
eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty- 
five  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a  resident  within  the   United 
States. 

5  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  or  of  his 
death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of 
the  said  office,  the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice  President,  and  the 
Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resigna- 
tion, or  inability,  both  of  the  President  and  Vice  President,  declaring 

1  This  paragraph  superseded  by  the  izth  Amendment. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  43 

what  officer  shall  then  act  as  President,  and  such  officer  shall  act 
accordingly,  until  the  disability  be  removed,  or  a  President  shall  be 
elected. 

6  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a 
compensation,  which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  during 
the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not 
receive   within   that   period   any   other   emolument    from   the   United 
States,  or  any  of  them. 

7  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the 
following  oath  or  affirmation: — "I  do  solemnly  swear   (or  affirm) 
that  I  will  faithfully  execute  the  office  of  President  of  the  United 
States,   and  will  to  the  best   of  my  ability,  preserve,  protect   and 
defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States." 

SECTION  2.  1  The  President  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the 
army  and  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several 
States,  when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States;  he 
may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of 
the  executive  departments,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of 
their  respective  offices,  and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves  and 
pardons  for  offenses  against  the  United  States,  except  in  cases  of 
impeachment. 

2  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two  thirds  of  the  senators  present 
concur;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and 
consuls,  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers  of  the 
United  States,  whose  appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise  provided 
for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  law:  but  the  Congress  may  by 
law  vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior  officers,  as  they  think 
proper,  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads 
of  departments. 


44  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

3  The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  all  vacancies  that  may 
happen  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  commissions 
which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

SECTION  3.  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  infor- 
mation of  the  state  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  considera- 
tion such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient;  he 
may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  both  Houses,  or  either  of 
them,  and  in  case  of  disagreement  between  them  with  respect  to  the 
time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall 
think  proper;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other  public  ministers; 
he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and  shall 
commission  all  the  officers  of  the  United  States. 

SECTION  4.  The  President,  Vice  President,  and  all  civil  officers  of 
the  United  States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for, 
and  conviction  pf,  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors. 

AETICLE    III 

SECTION  1.  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
vested  in  one  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  Con- 
gress may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and  establish.  The  judges,  both 
of  the  Supreme  and  inferior  courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during 
good  behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their  services,  a 
compensation  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance 
in  office. 

SECTION  2.  1  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases,  in  law 
and  equity,  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United 
States,  and  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their 
authority; —  to  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers 
and  consuls; — to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction; — 
to  controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party; — to 
controversies  between  two  or  more  States; — between  a  State  and 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  45 

citizens  of  another  State;1 — between  citizens  of  different  States, — 
between  citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  lands  under  grants  of 
different  States,  and  between  a  State,  or  the  citizens  thereof,  and 
foreign  States,  citizens  or  subjects. 

2  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and 
consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  the  party,  the  Supreme 
Court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction.     In  all  the  other  cases  before 
mentioned,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both 
as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions,  and  under  such  regulations 
as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

3  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  be 
by  jury;   and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said 
crimes  shall  have  been  committed ;  but  when  not  committed  within  any 
State,  the  trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may 
by  law  have  directed. 

SECTION  3.  1  Treason  against  the  United  States,  shall  consist  only 
in  levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving 
them  aid  and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless 
on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on 
confession  in  open  court. 

2     The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of 
treason,  but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood, 
or  forfeiture  except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 
AETICLE    IV 

SECTION  1.  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to 
the  public  acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  State. 
And  the  Congress  may  by  general  laws  prescribe  the  manner  in  which 
such  acts,  records  and  proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect 
thereof. 

SECTION  2.  1  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all 
privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  States. 

1  See  the  nth  Amendment, 


46  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

2  A  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason,  felony,  or  other 
crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  another  State, 
shall  on  demand  of  the  executive  authority  of  the  State  from  which 
he  fled,  be  delivered  up  to  be  removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction 
of  the  crime. 

3  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  State,  under  the  laws 
thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law  or 
regulation  therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall 
be  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor 
may  be  due.1 

SECTION  3.  1  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress  into 
this  Union;  but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the 
jurisdiction  of  any  other  State;  nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the 
junction  of  two  or  more  States,  or  parts  of  States,  without  the  consent 
of  the  legislatures  of  the  States  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all 
needful  rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property 
belonging  to  the  United  States;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall 
be  so  construed  as  to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States,  or 
of  any  particular  State. 

SECTION  4.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in 
this  Union  a  republican  form  of  government,  and  shall  protect  each  of 
them  against  invasion;  and  on  application  of  the  legislature,  or  of 
the  executive  (when  the  legislature  cannot  be  convened)  against 
domestic  violence. 

AETICLE    V 

The  Congress,  whenever  two  thirds  of  both  Houses  shall  deem  it 
necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the 
application  of  the  legislatures  of  two  thirds  of  the  several  States, 
shall  call  a  convention  for  proposing  amendments,  which,  in  either 
case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  Con- 

1  See  the  i3th  Amendment. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  47 

stitution,  when  ratified  by  the  legislatures  of  three  fourths  of  the 
several  States,  or  by  conventions  in  three  fourths  thereof,  as  the  one 
or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the  Congress; 
Provided  that  no  amendment  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the  year 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the 
first  and  fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of  the  first  article;  and 
that  no  State,  without  its  consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal 
suffrage  in  the  Senate. 

AETICLE    VI 

1  All  debts  contracted  and  engagements  entered  into,  before  the 
adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  United 
States  under  this  Constitution,  as  under  the  Confederation. 

2  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall 
be  made  in  pursuance  thereof;    and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall 
be  made,  under  the  authority  of  the  United   States,   shall  be  the 
supreme  law  of  the  land;  and  the  judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound 
thereby,  anything  in  the  Constitution  or  laws  of  any  State  to  the 
contrary  notwithstanding. 

3  The   senators   and   representatives   before  mentioned,   and   the 
members   of   the   several   State   legislatures,   and   all   executive   and 
judicial  oflicers,  both  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  several  States, 
shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  this  Constitution; 
but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  to  any 
office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States. 

AETICLE    VII 

The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  States  shall  be  sufficient 
for  the   establishment   of  this   Constitution  between   the   States   so 
ratifying  the  same. 
Done  in  Convention  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  States  present 

the  seventeenth  day  of  September  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one 


48  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and  of  the  independence 
of  the  United  States  of  America  the  twelfth.  In  witness  whereof 
we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names, 


Go: 

New  Hampshire 
John  Langdon 
Nicholas  Gilman 

Massachusetts 
Nathaniel  Gorham 
Eufus  King 

Connecticut 
Wm.  Saml.  Johnson 
Eoger  Sherman 

New  TorTc 
Alexander  Hamilton 

New  Jersey 
Wil:  Livingston 
David  Brearley 
Wm.  Paterson 
Jona:  Dayton 

Pennsylvania 
B.  Franklin 
Thomas  Mifflin 
Eobt.  Morris 
Geo.  Clymer 
Thos.  Fitzsimons 
Jared  Ingersoll 
James  Wilson 
Gouv  Morris 


WASHINGTON — 

Presidt.  and  Deputy  from  Virginia 

Delaware 
Geo:  Bead 

Gunning  Bedford  Jun 
John  Dickinson 
Eichard  Bassett 
Jaco:  Broom 

Maryland 
James  McHenry 
Dan  of  St.  Thos  Jenifer 
Danl.  Carroll 

Virginia 
John  Blair — 
James  Madison  Jr. 

North  Carolina 
Wm.  Blount 
Eichd.  Dobbs  Spaight 
Hu  Williamson 
South  Carolina 
J.  Eutledge, 

Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney 
Charles  Pinckney 
Pierce  Butler 

Georgia 
William  Few 
Abr  Baldwin 
Attest    WILLIAM  JACKSON  Secretary. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  49 

Articles  in  addition  to,  and  amendment  of,  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  proposed  by  Congress,  and  ratified  by 
the  legislatures  of  the  several  States,  pursuant  to  the  fifth  article  of 
the  original  Constitution. 

AETICLE    I1 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion, 
or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of 
speech,  or  of  the  press;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assem- 
ble, and  to  petition  the  government  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

AETICLE   II 

A  well  regulated  militia,  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free 
State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms,  shall  not  be 
infringed. 

AETICLE   III 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace  be  quartered  in  any  house,  without 
the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be 
prescribed  by  law. 

AETICLE    TV 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses, 
papers,  and  effects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall 
not  be  violated,  and  no  warrants  shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause, 
supported  by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the 
place  to  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

AETICLE   V 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital,  or  otherwise  in- 
famous crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury, 
except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia, 
when  in  actual  service  in  time  of  war  or  public  danger;  nor  shall  any 
person  be  subject  for  the  same  offense  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of 
life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a 

1  First  ten  Amendments  were  adopted  in  1791. 


50  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

witness  against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  property, 
without  due  process  of  law;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taken  for 
public  use  without  just  compensation. 

ARTICLE  VI 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a 
speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district 
wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have 
been  previously  ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature 
and  cause  of  the  accusation;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses 
against  him;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in 
his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his  defense. 

ARTICLE   VII 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed 
twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no 
fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be  otherwise  reexamined  in  any  court  of  the 
United  States,  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

ARTICLE   VIII 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed, 
nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE    IX 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights  shall  not  be 
construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people. 

ARTICLE   X 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  Constitution, 
nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respec- 
tively, or  to  the  people. 

ARTICLE    XI1 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to 
extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted  against 
1  Adopted  in  1798. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  51 

one  of  the  United  States  by  citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  citizens  or 
subjects  of  any  foreign  State. 

AETICLE    XII2 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot 
for  President  and  Vice  President,  one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be 
an  inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves;  they  shall  name  in 
their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots 
the  person  voted  for  as  Vice  President,  and  they  shall  make  distinct 
lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President  and  of  all  persons  voted  for 
as  Vice  President,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which  lists 
they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  president  of  the  Senate: — 
The  president  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Eepresentatives,  open  all  the  certificates  and  the  votes  shall 
then  be  counted; — The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for 
President  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  of  electors  appointed;  and  if  no  person  have  such 
majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest  numbers  not 
exceeding  three  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  President,  the  House 
of  Representatives  shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  President. 
But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the 
representation  from  each  State  having  one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this 
purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two  thirds  of  the 
States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 
And  if  the  House  of  Eepresentatives  shall  not  choose  a  President 
whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the 
fourth  day  of  March  next  following,  then  the  Vice  President  shall 
act  as  President,  as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional 
disability  of  the  President.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number 
of  votes  as  Vice  President  shall  be  the  Vice  President,  if  such  number 


1  Adopted  in  1804. 


52  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed,  and  if  no 
person  have  a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on 
the  list,  the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice  President;  a  quorum  for  the 
purpose  shall  consist  of  two  thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  senators, 
and  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 
But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office  of  President 
shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 

AETICLE  XIII1 

SECTION  1.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a 
punishment  for  crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  con- 
victed, shall  exist  within  the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to 
their  jurisdiction. 

SECTION  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by 
appropriate  legislation. 

AETICLE   XIV2 

SECTION  1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States, 
and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United 
States  and  of  the  State  wherein  they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or 
enforce  any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  Immunities  of 
citizens  of  the  United  States;  nor  shall  any  State  deprive  any  person 
of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law;  nor  deny  to 
any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

SECTION  2.  Eepresentatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several 
States  according  to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole 
number  of  persons  in  each  State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But 
when  the  right  to  vote  at  any  election  for  the  choice  of  electors  for 
President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States,  representatives  in 
Congress,  the  executive  and  judicial  officers  of  a  State,  or  the  members 
of  the  legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of 
such  State,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens  of  the  United 

1  Adopted  in  1865. 
'Adopted  in  1868. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  53 

States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation  in  rebellion, 
or  other  crime,  the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced  in 
the  proportion  which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the 
whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  such  State. 

SECTION  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  or  representative  in  Con- 
gress, or  elector  of  President  and  Vice  President,  or  hold  any  office, 
civil  or  military,  under  the  United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who, 
having  previously  taken  an  oath,  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an 
officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State  legislature, 
or  as  an  executive  or  judiciary  officer  of  any  State,  to  support  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection 
or  rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies 
thereof.  But  Congress  may  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House, 
remove  such  disability. 

SECTION  4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States, 
authorized  by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions 
and  bounties  for  services  in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall 
not  be  questioned.  But  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall 
assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection 
or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or 
emancipation  of  any  slave;  but  all  such  debts,  obligations  and  claims 
shall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 

SECTION  5.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appro- 
priate legislation,  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

AETICLE    XV8 

SECTION  1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall 
not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  any  State  on 
account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

SECTION  2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article 
by  appropriate  legislation. 


3  Adopted  in   1870. 


CHAPTER   VIII 

THE   LEGISLATIVE   DEPARTMENT 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  is  a  very  remark- 
able document.  We  have  had  but  fifteen  amendments  dur- 
ing 120  years,  and  eleven  of  these  came  almost  at  once,  in 
order  to  satisfy  those  who  complained  that  the  rights  of  the 
people  were  not  sufficiently  guarded.  The  twelfth  came  in 
1803  and  grew  out  of  a  contest  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives at  the  time  of  Jefferson's  election.  He  was  not 
elected  until  the  36th  ballot.  The  13th,  14th,  and  15th 
amendments  come  from  the  changed  conditions  resulting 
from  the  Civil  War.  That  the  original  Constitution  with 
so  few  changes  has  served  as  the  guide  for  our  government 
for  more  than  a  century,  testifies  to  the  wisdom  and  judg- 
ment of  those  who  framed  it  more  definitely  than  any 
words  could  do.  In  the  following  pages  a  general  ex- 
planation of  some  of  the  principal  provisions  of  this 
Constitution  will  be  given  in  such  a  manner,  it  is  hoped,  as 
shall  serve  to  awaken  a  deeper  interest  in  the  affairs  of  our 
government  and  to  impress  upon  the  minds  of  the  children 
the  general  facts  underlying  our  political  fabric.  These 
explanations  follow  the  order  of  the  text  of  the  Constitution. 

The  Legislative  or  law-making  power  is  vested  in  Con- 
gress, which  meets  annually  on  the  first  Monday  in 
December,  and  is  composed  of  the  Senate  and  the  House 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  55 

of  Representatives.  This  two-fold  legislative  department  is 
found  in  nearly  all  enlightened  countries.  There  are  many 
advantages,  but  the  principal  one  is  that  one  may  serve  as 
a  check  upon  hasty  actions  on  the  part  of  the  other.  In  the 
United  States  the  party  spirit  has  always  been  well  de- 
fined ;  one  party  believing  in  the  doctrine  of  States '  Rights, 
— the  other  believing  in  a  strong  centralization  of  power. 

This  doctrine  carried  further  gave  us  the  conflict  which 
the  Southern  States  entered  upon  for  " States'  Rights" 
and  which,  later,  culminated  in  the  Civil  War  1861-1865. 

UNITED  STATES  SENATE 

The  United  States  Senate  is  composed  of  two  Senators 
from  each  State,  elected  for  a  term  of  six  years,  by  the 
Legislature  of  the  State.  At  the  first  meeting  in  1789  they 
were  divided  into  three  classes, — one  class  having  a  term  of 
two  years,  a  second  class  having  a  term  of  four  years,  and 
a  third  having  a  full  term  of  six  years.  This  was  done  so 
that  at  all  times  a  majority  of  the  Senate  should  be  com- 
posed of  experienced  members. 

All  bills  for  raising  revenue  must  originate  in  the 
popular  branch  of  Congress — the  House  of  Representatives. 
These  bills  may  be  amended  in  the  Senate,  and  must  pass 
both  houses  before  becoming  laws.  To  be  a  Senator  a 
person  must  be  thirty  years  of  age,  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  for  nine  years,  and  a  resident  of  the  State  at  the  time 
of  his  election.  The  vice  president  of  the  United  States 


56  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

is  the  presiding  officer.  He  has  no  vote  except  in  case  of 
a  tie.  The  Senate  chooses  a  president  pro  tempore  who 
shall  preside  when  the  vice  president  is  absent.  When 
vacancies  occur  in  the  Senate  the  Governor  of  the  State 
appoints  to  fill  the  vacancy  until  the  next  meeting  of  the 
State  Legislature. 

The  mode  of  electing  a  United  States  Senator  is  as  fol- 
lows: Whenever  there  is  a  vacancy  each  house  ballots 
separately  at  noon  of  a  day  specified  by  law.  If  no  one  on 
this  ballot  has  a  majority  in  both  houses,  a  joint  session  is 
held  from  day  to  day  at  noon,  and  at  least  one  (1)  ballot 
must  be  had  daily  until  a  Senator  is  elected. 

In  the  Senate,  we  have  the  States  represented  as  States, 
each  whether  large  or  small  having  the  same  right  and 
influence  as  any  other.  The  organization  of  Congress  upon 
the  basis  of  two  houses  was  in  the  nature  of  a  compromise 
so  far  as  deferring  to  the  views  of  the  opposing  parties 
was  concerned. 

HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES 

Representatives  are  elected  by  the  people  for  two  years. 
Originally  one  representative  was  allowed  for  every  thirty- 
three  thousand  people.  The  basis  of  representation  has 
changed  with  every  census.  The  first  census  was  in  1790 
and  it  has  been  taken  every  ten  years  since  that  time.  The 
next  census  will  be  taken  in  1910.  Besides  the  enumeration 
of  the  number  of  inhabitants,  all  the  statistics,  as  products, 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  57 

manufactures,  climate,  education,  etc.,  are  included.  The 
basis  of  representation  now  is  one  representative  for  every 
193,291  people.  This  will  be  changed  again  after  the  next 
census.  In  order  for  a  man  to  be  eligible  as  a  representative 
he  must  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  for  seven 
years,  and  he  must  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  State  at  the 
time  of  his  election.  He  must  be  at  least  twenty-five  years 
of  age.  When  vacancies  from  death  or  any  other  cause 
occur,  they  are  filled  by  appointment  by  the  Governor  of 
the  State. 

The  Congress  which  convenes  regularly  in  December, 
1909,  is  the  61st  Congress,  and  the  session  beginning  at  the 
time  will  be  known  as  the  first  session  of  the  61st  Congress. 
This  means  that  it  is  the  61st  Congress  under  the  Constitu- 
tion which  went  into  effect  in  1789. 

The  House  of  Representatives  choose  their  own  officers 
including  their  presiding  officer  who  is  called  the  speaker. 

The  House  of  Representatives  has  the  sole  power  of 
impeaching  or  preferring  charges  against  any  civil  officer  of 
the  United  States. 

FIRST  COMPROMISE  ON  SLAVERY  QUESTION 

The  first  compromise  upon  the  slavery  question  found  in 
the  Constitution  is  in  the  3d  clause  of  section  2,  article  1, 
in  which  provision  was  made  for  counting  three-fifths  of  the 
slave  population  in  addition  to  the  number  of  free  persons. 
This  was  a  compromise,  because  the  Southern  or  slavehold- 


58  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

ing  states  asked  that  all  of  the  slaves  should  be  counted  and 
the  non-slaveholding  states  asked  that  none  of  them  be 
counted.  Each  side  yielded  a  point  and  the  three-fifth 
clause  was  inserted.  This  has  all  been  changed  by  the 
second  section  of  Amendment  XIV. 

The  House  of  Representatives  is  the  popular  branch  of 
Congress,  representing  the  people  at  large  and  directly, 
while  the  Senate  represents  the  States  as  States.  This 
arrangement  was  entered  upon  in  good  faith  by  all  parties 
and  was  satisfactory  to  federalists  and  anti-federalists 
alike.  The  federalist  idea  stood  for  a  strong  central  gov- 
ernment, while  the  anti-federalist  idea  held  that  the  State 
was  the  principal  unit  and  that  the  general  government 
was  merely  a  confederacy  of  States  and  not  a  Union. 

IMPEACHMENTS 

When  any  Civil  officer  of  the  United  States  is  impeached 
by  the  House  of  Representatives,  the  trial  is  conducted  by 
the  Senate.  The  Senate  acts  as  a  jury  and  must  be  on 
oath  or  affirmation — on  oath  for  all  persons  except  Quakers 
and  any  others  who  are  conscientiously  opposed  to  the  oath 
— on  affirmation  for  these.  It  requires  a  two-thirds  vote  to 
convict.  There  is  this  difference  in  rendering  a  verdict 
from  the  method  in  an  ordinary  court  by  an  ordinary  jury. 
A  roll  call  of  Senators  is  made  and  each  Senator  is  required 
to  stand  and  to  answer,  "guilty"  or  "not  guilty."  This 
puts  every  Senator  upon  record,  so  that  the  public  may 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  59 

know  of  his  vote.  When  the  President  is  impeached,  the 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  presides.  The  Vice 
President  would  not  be  a  proper  person  to  conduct  a  trial 
which  might  result  in  his  own  promotion.  When  a  person 
is  found  guilty  by  the  Senate,  he  may  be  removed  from 
office,  and  may  also  be  disqualified  for  holding  any  office, 
forever  after.  If  he  has  been  guilty  of  a  criminal  offense, 
he  is  subject  to  indictment  and  trial  and  punishment  ac- 
cording to  law.  The  State  Legislatures  make  their  own 
laws  regarding  the  election  of  Congressmen  and  Senators, 
except  that  no  change  can  be  made  by  the  State  as  to  the 
manner  of  electing  Senators. 

COURTS-MARTIAL 

Impeachment  extends  only  to  civil  officers.  Naval  and 
military  officers  are  tried  by  Courts-martial.  A  Court- 
martial  is  composed  of  a  prescribed  number  of  officers  of 
higher  rank  than  the  accused.  The  verdict  in  a  trial  by 
Court-martial  is  reviewed  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  as  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  Army  and  Navy. 
The  verdict  stands  or  falls,  according  to  his  approval  or 
disapproval. 

Each  Congress  has  two  sessions — a  long  one  and  a  short 
one.  The  session  beginning  on  the  first  Monday  in  De- 
cember of  the  odd  years  is  the  long  one,  and  the  other 
beginning  on  the  first  Monday  of  December  of  the  even 
years  is  the  short  one.  This  must  end  by  the  4th  of  March. 


60  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

A  majority  of  each  house  constitutes  a  quorum  for  the 
transaction  of  business,  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn 
from  day  to  day — or  may  compel  the  attendance  of  mem- 
bers. A  member  of  either  house  may  be  expelled  by  a  two- 
thirds  vote.  Senators  and  representatives  are  paid  $7,500 
a  year,  and  mileage  at  the  rate  of  twenty  cents  a  mile  from 
their  homes  to  Washington  and  return.  Members  of  each 
house  are  not  subject  to  arrest,  except  in  cases  of  felony, 
treason  and  breach  of  the  peace.  Treason  consists  in  taking 
up  arms  against  the  government,  or  in  assisting  those  who 
are  at  war  with  the  nation. 

Felony  by  the  United  States '  law  is  any  crime  punishable 
by  death  or  long  imprisonment. 

All  bills  must  pass  both  houses  before  becoming  laws. 
They  must  also  be  signed  by  the  President.  If  he  objects 
to  a  bill,  he  must  veto  it.  This  he  does  in  a  message  to 
Congress  explaining  his  reasons  for  not  signing  the  bill. 

If  both  houses  pass  it  again  by  two-third  vote,  it  becomes 
a  law  without  the  President's  signature.  If  any  bill  is  not 
signed  within  ten  days  after  it  has  been  sent  to  the  Presi- 
dent, it  becomes  a  law.  This  action  on  part  of  the  President 
is  called  a  " Pocket  Veto." 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  President  shares  with  Con- 
gress the  legislative  function.  He  is  the  Executive  but  he 
has  a  wholesome  check  upon  the  legislative  branch  in 
this — ,  that  he  has  the  veto  power. 

Congress,  under  the  Constitution,  has  power  that  was  not 
granted  by  the  "Articles  of  Confederation." 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  61 

DUTIES  AND  INTERNAL  REVENUE  TAX 

Congress  may  arrange  a  Tariff,  which  is  a  schedule  of 
taxes  or  duties  on  imported  goods.  The  collection  of  these 
duties  has  made  necessary  the  establishing  of  Custom 
Houses,  and  the  appointment  of  Custom  Officers.  These 
duties  must  be  uniform  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States. 
Congress  may  also  provide  for  an  internal  revenue  tax  or 
Excise,  and  this  also  must  be  uniform  all  over  the  country. 

There  are  two  opposing  ideas  regarding  the  Tariff.  One 
of  these  advocates  a  tax  on  imported  goods  for  the  sole 
purpose  of  obtaining  revenue;  the  other,  a  high  tax  so  as 
to  protect  our  home  industries.  This  is  called  a  Protective 
Tariff.  Owing  to  the  low  rate  of  wages  in  some  foreign 
countries,  goods  can  be  manufactured  at  a  much  less  cost 
there  than  in  the  United  States.  A  Protective  Tariff  would 
put  such  a  tax  upon  these  goods  when  imported,  as  would 
make  the  cost  equal  to  or  a  little  more  than  the  cost  of  the 
home  manufactured  article. 

Free  trade  means  that  foreign  goods  may  be  admitted 
without  duty  or  tax. 

The  Speaker  of  the  House  appoints  all  committees.  The 
most  important  of  these  is  the  Committee  on  "Ways  and 
Means."  This  committee  determines,  largely,  the  financial 
policy  of  the  Government. 


62  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

DISPOSAL  OF  PUBLIC  LANDS 

Congress  has  power  to  dispose  of  territory  belonging  to 
the  United  States.  By  this  power  the  settlement  of  fron- 
tiers has  been  encouraged, — the  building  of  railroads  has 
been  promoted, — public  parks  have  been  established, — 
forest  reserves  have  been  made, — land  has  been  set  aside  for 
educational  purposes,  and  actual  settlement  has  been  en- 
couraged by  allowing  prospective  settlers  the  privilege  of 
gaining  a  complete  title  by  either  pre-emption  or  purchase. 

THE   GOVERNMENT   OP   TERRITORIES 

Congress  also  organizes  the  government  in  the  territories. 
Whenever  a  territory  is  to  be  admitted  as  a  State,  it  adopts 
a  constitution,  which  must  be  in  harmony  with  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  as  this  is  the  "Supreme 
Law  of  the  Land." 

The  Speaker  has  more  influence  in  directing  the  policy 
of  Congress  than  any  one  excepting  the  President. 

When  the  United  States  has  to  borrow  money,  bonds  are 
issued  as  security  for  the  payment  of  the  sum  borrowed. 

NATURALIZATION 

A  foreigner  may  become  a  citizen  by  being  naturalized. 
Naturalization  in  this  country  implies  loss  of  citizenship 
in  the  foreign  country.  This  is  called  expatriation.  To  be 
naturalized  one  must  declare  his  intentions  of  becoming  a 
citizen  in  court,  and  in  two  years  after  this  intention  if  he 
has  been  in  this  country  five  years  and  is  vouched  for  by 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  63 

two  citizens,  and  if  he  can  read  and  write,  he  may  be 
admitted  to  citizenship.  This  is,  in  general,  the  law,  but 
in  some  of  our  large  cities  that  are  under  corrupt  control 
these  legal  provisions  are  set  aside  and  persons  are  given 
their  naturalization  papers  before  they  have  been  in  this 
country  a  week.  Naturalization  makes  a  person  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  but  the  right  to  vote  comes  from  the 
State,  although  a  person  must  either  be  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  or  must  have  declared  his  intention  of  be- 
coming a  citizen.  The  State  law  is  absolute  with  regard 
to  the  right  of  Suffrage.  In  a  few  States,  no  one  may  vote 
unless  he  can  read  and  write.  This  is  surely  reasonable. 
In  some  States  women  may  vote  at  all  elections;  in  others, 
at  elections  for  school  officers,  but  in  most  of  the  States 
women  can  not  vote  at  all. 

Elsewhere  will  be  found  a  list  of  the  States  and  who 
may  vote  in  each  and  who  can  not  vote. 

COINAGE  OP  MONEY.    MINTS 

The  coinage  of  money,  the  issuing  of  paper  money,  the 
establishing  of  National  Banks,  the  punishment  of 
counterfeiting,  all  belong  to  Congress. 

Coin,  is  made  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  nickel.  Con- 
gress alone  has  the  power  to  coin  money.  Gold  and  silver 
coins  are  90%  pure  and  10%  alloy.  The  alloy  is  used  to 
harden  the  coin  and  make  it  more  durable.  For  the  pur- 
pose of  coining  money,  mints  have  been  established  at 


64  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Philadelphia,  San  Francisco,  Carson  City,  and  New  Or- 
leans. Metallic  currency  is  generally  called  specie  in 
distinction  from  currency — which  is  used  to  designate 
paper  money.  Any  National  Bank  may  issue  paper  money 
provided  the  Bank  purchases  United  States  Bonds  to  guar- 
antee the  notes  issued  and  to  give  them  value. 

POST-OFFICES  AND   POSTAL   SERVICE 

Congress  under  the  constitution  has  power  to  establish 
Post-offices  and  Post-roads.  This  includes  the  transmis- 
sion of  mail  by  land  or  water,  rural  delivery,  free  delivery 
in  cities,  money  order  business  and,  in  fact,  everything 
that  has  been  found  necessary  under  the  changed 
conditions  under  which  we  are  now  living. 

This  department  is  of  such  magnitude  and  so  important 
as  a  source  of  revenue  for  the  government  that  a  special 
cabinet  officer,  known  as  Postmaster  General,  has  been 
appointed  to  look  after  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  postal 
service. 

PATENTS  AND  COPYRIGHTS— TRADEMARKS 

Any  person  who  has  invented  anything  of  value  may  be 
protected  in  the  profits  of  the  invention  by  securing  a 
patent.  This  is  issued  from  the  patent  office  and  is  good 
for  seventeen  years  and  can  not  be  renewed.  A  model  of 
the  invention  must  be  sent  to  the  patent  office  with  the 
application.  A  patent  secures  to  the  inventor  the  benefit 
of  his  invention. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  65 

Any  infringement  of  the  patent  by  any  person  is  an 
offense  punishable  by  a  heavy  fine.  Similarly,  an  author 
of  any  book,  or  musical  composition  may  obtain  a  "  copy- 
right" for  28  years  with  an  extension  of  14  years.  This 
gives  the  benefit  of  the  profits  of  the  book  to  the  author. 
An  international  copyright  is  one  that  extends  to  other 
countries. 

A  Trade  Mark  is  a  mark  or  device  affixed  by  a  manu- 
facturer or  merchant  to  his  goods,  the  exclusive  right  of 
using  which  is  recognized  by  law.  The  following  is  the 
law  of  Trade  Marks : 

Any  person,  firm  or  corporation  can  obtain  protection 
for  any  lawful  trade  mark  by  complying  with  the 
following : 

1.  By  causing  to  be  recorded  in  the  Patent  Office,  the 
name,  residence  and  place  of  business  of  the  persons  desir- 
ing the  trade  mark. 

2.  The  class  of  merchandise  and  a  description  of  the 
same. 

3.  A  description  and  facsimile  of  the  trade  mark. 

4.  The  length  of  time  it  has  already  been  used. 

5.  By  payment  of  required  fee— $6.00  to  $25.00. 

6.  By  complying  with  such  regulations  as  may  be  made 
by  the  commissioner  of  Patents. 

Piracy  is  highway  robbery  on  the  high-seas.  The  high- 
seas  are  all  of  the  ocean  beyond  the  three  mile  limit  from 
the  shore.  A  country  claims  jurisdiction  for  that  distance 
from  the  land. 


66  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

THE  MILITIA 

All  able  male  citizens  between  the  ages  of  18  and  45 
constitute  the  militia,  and  are  liable  to  do  military  duty. 
When  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United  States,  the 
president  commissions  the  officers  and  the  general  govern- 
ment pays  for  their  services.  Thus  during  the  Civil  War 
the  soldiers,  even  the  volunteer  militia  from  every  State, 
were  paid  by  the  United  States  government. 

THE  SECOND  COMPROMISE  ON  SLAVERY 
QUESTION 

The  second  compromise  upon  the  question  of  slavery  that 
is  found  in  the  Constitution  is  in  Art.  1,  Section  9,  Clause 
1,  relating  to  the  African  slave  trade. 

The  compromise  was  this, —  The  Southern  States  did 
not  want  restriction  upon  the  African  slave  trade.  The 
Northern  States  wanted  to  restrict  it  altogether,  so  as  a 
compromise,  it  was  agreed  that  it  should  not  be  restricted 
prior  to  the  year  1808. 

These  are  some  of  the  restrictions  placed  upon  Congress. 
All  rights  not  given,  expressly  to  Congress  are  reserved  to 
the  States,  unless  forbidden  in  the  Constitution. 

Congress  can  not  pass  "Ex  post  facto"  laws. 

Congress  can  not  suspend  the  writ  of  "Habeas  Corpus. " 

Congress  can  not  grant  titles  of  nobility. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  67 

THE  WRIT  OP  HABEAS  CORPUS 

A  writ  of  ' '  Habeas  Corpus "  is  a  written  order  from  the 
magistrate  providing  that  the  accused  person  shall  be 
brought  before  him.  Its  object  is  to  guard  against  false 
imprisonment.  It  enables  a  person,  who  has  been  arrested 
and  imprisoned,  to  be  put  face  to  face  with  his  accusers  so 
that  the  cause  of  his  arrest  and  imprisonment  may  be 
known.  This  is  a  great  safeguard  to  personal  liberty. 
During  the  Civil  "War,  the  privilege  of  "Habeas  Corpus" 
was  suspended  indefinitely,  but  this  was  done  to  serve  the 
public  interests. 

There  was  then  no  time  to  attend  to  the  trial  of  indi- 
viduals when  the  life  of 'the  nation  was  on  trial  by  the 
court  of  arms.  Persons  who  were  suspected  of  acts  of 
disloyalty  were  arrested  and  held  as  political  prisoners 
until  such  a  time  as  the  provisions  of  the  act  were  again 
put  into  operation.  In  some  instances  innocent  persons 
doubtless  were  thus  deprived  temporarily  of  their  liberty, 
but  that  was  done  in  the  interests  of  the  nation  and  for  the 
"greatest  good  of  the  greatest  number. " 

EX  POST  FACTO  LAWS 

* '  An  ex  post  facto ' '  law  makes  an  act  criminal  which  was 
not  so  when  it  was  committed.  The  intent  is  expressed  at 
the  end  of  most  bills  or  laws  by  a  statement  like  the  follow- 
ing:— This  act  shall  take  effect  upon  its  passage — upon  a 


68  PRACTICAL    AIDS 

specified  date, — or  after  the  lapse  of  a  certain  number  of 
days. 

For  other  restrictions  upon  Congress  or  upon  the  States — 
see  the  Constitution  itself.  The  legislature  of  the  States  is 
similar  to  Congress  and  the  general  work  is  conducted  in 
the  same  way  as  the  work  of  Congress.  All  bills  introduced 
are  referred  to  the  proper  committees  and  when  the  com- 
mittees report  upon  the  bill,  action  is  taken.  Most  bills 
never  go  further  than  the  Committee.  After  a  bill  passes 
both  houses  of  the  legislature  it  must  be  signed  by  the 
Governor  before  it  becomes  a  law,  or  if  he  vetoes  it,  it  must 
be  passed  by  a  two  thirds  vote  over  his  veto  by  both  houses. 


CHAPTER   IX 

EXECUTIVE    DEPAETMENT 

President 

Elected    by    people    for    four    years, — 
Election  on  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  November.    Salary  $75,000. 
Vice  President 

Elected  at  same  time.  Salary  $12,000. 
He  is  the  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate, 
but  has  no  vote. 

The  President's  Cabinet  consists  of  nine  heads  of  depart- 
ment appointed  by  the  President  and  confirmed  by  the 
Senate.  The  salary  of  each  is  $12,000  per  annum. 

EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT 

In  order  for  a  person  to  be  eligible  to  the  presidency,  or 
vice  presidency,  he  must  be  native  born,  thirty-five  years 
of  age,  and  an  actual  resident  of  the  country  for  fourteen 
years.  The  President  is  not  elected  by  direct  vote  of  the 
people  but  in  the  manner  following : 

As  many  presidential  electors  are  chosen  in  each  State  as 
there  are  United  States  Senators  2nd  Eepresentatives  from 
the  State  thus: 

California  has  two  Senators  and  eight  Representatives — 
hence  there  will  be  ten  presidential  electors  in  California. 


70  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

These  are  elected  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in 
November  every  four  years.  On  the  second  Monday  in 
January  following  their  election,  the  presidential  electors 
must  meet  at  the  Capital  of  their  respective  States  and  vote 
by  ballot  for  President  and  also  for  Vice  President,  one  of 
whom  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with 
themselves.  Three  copies  of  the  vote  are  made  and  certified 
to.  One  of  these  is  sent  to  the  Vice  President  by  mail, 
another  is  sent  to  him  by  special  messenger  and  the  third 
copy  is  given  into  the  keeping  of  the  judge  of  the  United 
States  District  Court  for  the  district  in  which  the  Capital 
of  the  State  is  situated. 

On  the  second  Wednesday  in  February  in  the  presence  of 
both  houses  of  Congress  in  joint  session,  the  Vice  President 
shall  open  all  these  certificates  and  the  votes  shall  be 
counted.  The  one  who  has  received  the  majority  of  the 
electoral  votes  for  President  shall  be  declared  elected  Presi- 
dent, and  the  one  who  has  secured  a  majority  of  the 
electoral  votes  for  Vice  President  shall  be  declared  elected 
Vice  President.  If  no  one  is  elected  by  the  people,  then  the 
House  of  Representatives  shall  elect  the  President.  In  elect- 
ing, the  vote  shall  be  by  States,  the  delegation  from  each 
State  having  one  vote.  The  majority  of  all  the  States  is 
required  to  elect,  two-thirds  of  all  the  States  is  a  quorum 
in  this  case.  If  the  House  does  not  elect  by  March  4th, 
the  Vice  President  becomes  President. 

If  there  is  no  election  of  Vice  President  by  the  people, 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  71 

the  Senate  elect ;  two-thirds  of  all  the  Senators  constitute  a 
quorum  and  it  requires  a  majority  of  all  to  elect.  In  this 
case  each  Senator  has  a  vote.  The  present  salary  of  the 
President  is  $75,000,  which  can  not  be  increased  during  his 
term  of  office.  The  salary  of  the  Vice  President  is  $12,000. 
In  case  of  the  death  of  President  and  Vice  President,  the 
office  of  President  will  devolve  in  regular  succession  upon 
the  members  of  the  Cabinet.  This  became  a  law  in  1886. 

On  the  4th  of  March  following,  the  new  President  is 
inaugurated,  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  administering  the  oath  of  office. 

The  President  has  command  of  the  army  and  navy  and 
of  the  militia  when  called  into  the  service  of  the  United 
States.  He  can  grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offenses 
against  the  United  States  laws.  A  pardon  exempts  the 
person  from  punishment,  while  a  reprieve  merely  stays  the 
execution  of  the  sentence.  The  President  and  Vice  Presi- 
dent, with  the  Cabinet,  constitute  the  Executive  Depart- 
ment. The  President  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  makes  treaties,  appoints  all  of  the  important  officers, 
judges,  ambassadors,  and  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate 
he  has  the  power  to  fill  all  vacancies  that  may  occur,  grant- 
ing commissions  which  expire  at  the  end  of  the  next  session 
of  the  Senate. 

The  President  must  receive  officially  all  ambassadors  and 
ministers  from  other  countries.  He  may,  on  extraordinary 


72  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

occasions,  convene  both  houses  of  Congress.  He  must  see 
that  the  laws  are  faithfully  executed. 

The  following  is  his  oath  of  office : 

"I  do  solemnly  swear  or  affirm  that  I  will  faithfully 
execute  the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States,  and 
will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  preserve,  protect  and  defend 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.'' 

THE  PRESIDENT'S  MESSAGE 

At  the  opening  of  each  session  of  Congress,  the  President 
sends  to  each  house  a  copy  of  his  annual  message  which  he 
has  prepared  with  the  assistance  of  his  Cabinet,  giving  in 
detail  the  condition  of  the  country  from  different  points 
of  view,  the  condition  of  the  army,  navy,  treasury  and  our 
relations  with  other  nations.  Washington  and  Adams  read 
their  message  to  Congress.  The  present  plan  of  sending 
the  message  by  private  secretary  was  commenced  by 
Jefferson. 

TREASON 

This  is  the  Constitutional  definition  of  Treason : — Treason 
against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only  in  levying  war 
against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them 
aid  and  comfort. 

There  must  be  two  witnesses  to  the  same  act  or  else  the 
accused  must  confess  in  open  Court,  in  order  to  convict  a 
person  of  treason.  The  penalty  of  treason  is  death. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  73 

REQUISITION  FOR  RETURN  OF   CRIMINALS 

When  a  person  charged  with  crime  in  one  State  shall  flee 
into  another  State,  the  Governor  of  the  State  in  which  the 
crime  is  said  to  have  been  committed  shall  make  a  requisi- 
tion upon  the  Governor  of  the  State  into  which  the  accused 
has  fled  and  he  may  be  arrested  and  delivered  over  to  the 
authorities  of  the  State,  having  jurisdiction  of  his  crime. 

This  same  principle  extends,  by  treaty,  to  foreign  nations. 
A  separate  treaty  must  be  made  with  each  nation.  This  is 
called  an  Extradition  Treaty.  In  the  Treaty  the  offenses 
must  be  named  that  come  under  the  provision. 

The  United  States  Authorities  may  make  a  requisition 
upon  any  Government  with  which  we  have  a  treaty  of  this 
kind,  for  the  arrest  of  the  criminal  and  his  detention,  sub- 
ject to  the  United  States  authorities. 

ADMISSION   OF    NEW    STATES 

Congress  shall  have  power  to  admit  new  states,  but  no 
new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  another  State, 
nor  can  a  State  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more 
parts  of  States,  without  the  consent  of  the  Legislature  of 
the  States  concerned,  as  well  as  the  consent  of  Congress. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  MUST  GUARANTEE  EVERY 

STATE  A  REPUBLICAN  FORM  OF 

GOVERNMENT 

The  United  States  Government  guarantees  to  every  State 
a  republican  form  of  government.  It  must  protect  from 


74  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

a  foreign  enemy  and  from  domestic  violence  when  asked 
to  do  so  by  the  legislature  of  the  State,  or  by  the  governor 
of  the  State  when  the  legislature  can  not  be  convened. 

OFFICIAL  OATH  OF  OFFICE 

All  officers  of  the  several  States  as  well  as  the  United 
States  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  but  no  religious  test  what- 
ever shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  for  any  office 
or  public  trust  in  the  United  States. 

GUARANTEE  OF  CIVIL  RIGHTS 

As  has  been  stated,  the  first  eleven  amendments  were 
made  to  set  forth  more  clearly  and  definitely  the  rights  of 
the  people.  At  the  time  the  acts  of  England  were  still 
fresh  in  the  memory.  Nearly  all  of  these  amendments  came 
directly  as  the  result  of  some  oppressive  act  on  the  part  of 
the  mother  country  during  Colonial  days. 

Freedom  of  speech  and  of  the  press,  and  the  right  of 
petition  are  set  forth,  also  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep 
and  bear  arms,  and  the  right  of  persons  to  be  secure  in  their 
persons,  houses,  papers  and  effects  against  unreasonable 
searches  and  seizures.  Search  warrants  can  only  be  issued 
on  probable  cause  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation  par- 
ticularly describing  the  place  to  be  searched  and  the  persons 
or  things  to  be  seized. 

The  5th,  6th,  7th,  and  8th  amendments  have  to  do  with 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  75 

criminal  and  civil  suits  and  the  provisions  are  so  important 
that  they  are  explained  in  detail. 

These  or  similar  provisions  are  found  in  the  Constitution 
of  the  States,  placed  there  to  emphasize  the  justice  of  the 
provisions. 

A  person  must  be  indicted  by  a  Grand  Jury  before  he 
can  be  brought  to  trial  for  a  capital  or  infamous  crime. 
The  Grand  Jury  differs  from  a  trial  jury  in  this —  A 
Grand  Jury  makes  a  general  investigation  and  if  satisfied 
that  the  person  is  guilty  of  violation  of  law  an  indictment 
is  prepared  and  the  accused  is  brought  to  trial. 

In  all  criminal  cases  there  shall  be  a  trial  by  jury.  (A 
criminal  case  is  one  in  which  the  party  is  accused  of  a 
crime,  or  violation  of  law.)  In  all  civil  cases  in  which  the 
amount  in  controversy  exceeds  $20.00  the  right  of  trial  by 
jury  shall  be  preserved.  (A  civil  suit  is  a  suit  for  money 
or  damages.) 

The  trial  shall  be  in  the  State  and  district  where  the 
offense  was  supposed  to  have  been  committed. 

The  political  rights  and  duties  of  citizens  depend  more 
on  State  law  than  on  the  United  States  law.  It  is  the  State 
that  prescribes  the  qualification  of  voters  and  creates  most 
of  the  offices  to  be  filled  by  popular  election.  The  quali- 
fications and  choice  of  jurors  in  the  United  States  Courts 
are  governed  by  the  laws  of  Congress,  but  those  of  jurors  in 
the  far  more  numerous  State  Courts  are  governed  by  State 


76  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

law.    But  the  State  laws  must  be  in  harmony  with  the 
Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States. 

The  local  government  in  a  State,  or  the  government  of 
counties,  cities  and  towns  is  under  the  control  of  the  State 
legislatures.  Although  the  following  provisions  as  to  trial 
of  accused  persons  are  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  they  apply  in  full  force  to  the  trial  of  persons  in  the 
State  Courts  and  under  state  law. 

PROVISIONS  FOR  PROTECTION  OF  ACCUSED 
PERSONS 

The  accused  shall  not  be  placed  on  trial  twice  for  the 
same  offense;  he  is  not  compelled  to  answer  any  question 
which  would  tend  to  incriminate  himself;  he  shall  not  be 
deprived  of  life,  liberty  or  property  without  due  process 
of  law;  he  shall  be  confronted  with  witnesses  against  him, 
and  can  compel  the  attendance  of  witnesses  in  his  favor, 
and  if  he  is  unable  to  have  an  attorney,  the  judge  appoints 
some  attorney  as  counsel  for  the  defense.  When  a  person 
is  indicted  by  grand  jury,  he  may  be  allowed  to  give  bail 
for  his  appearance  for  trial  when  the  case  is  called,  except 
for  certain  crimes,  but  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required. 
If  a  person  gives  bail  for,  say  $10,000  for  his  appearance 
for  trial,  the  parties  who  go  his  bail  must  qualify  to  the 
fact  that  they  are  worth  more  than  twice  the  amount  over 
and  above  all  incumbrance. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OP    CIVICS  77 

AMENDMENTS 

Congress  by  a  two-thirds  vote  in  both  houses  may  propose 
amendments  to  the  Constitution  which  shall  be  operative 
when  ratified  by  the  legislature  of  three-fourths  of  the 
States  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths  of  the  States,  as 
the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  be  proposed  by 
congress.  Whenever  the  legislature  of  two-thirds  of  the 
several  States  shall  petition,  Congress  shall  call  a  convention 
for  proposing  amendments,  and  these  proposed  amendments 
shall  be  valid  when  ratified  as  above,  but  no  amendment 
shall  be  passed  which,  shall  deprive  any  state  of  its  equal 
suffrage  in  the  Senate. 

Every  State  constitution  contains  a  "bill  of  rights." 
These  rights  are  also  stated  in  the  United  States 
Constitution. 

The  general  plan  for  amending  a  State  constitution  is 
for  the  legislature  to  propose  amendments  to  be  ratified 
later  by  the  people,  but  in  some  States  a  constitutional  con- 
vention may  be  called  for  the  purpose  of  proposing  amend- 
ments to  be  adopted  by  the  Legislature.  This  is  a  prac- 
tical application  of  the  principles  of  the  initiative. 


CHAPTER  X 

JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT 

UNITED  STATES  COUETS 

The  Supreme  Court: 

This  was  established  by  the  Constitution; — the  others 
have  been  established  by  Congress  from  time  to  time  as 
needed. 

The  Supreme  Court  is  composed  of  a  Chief  Justice  at  an 
annual  salary  of  $13,000.00,  and  eight  associates  at  an 
annual  salary  of  $12,500.00,  each.  These  Justices  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  President  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate. 
Any  one  of  them  may  be  retired  on  full  pay  at  the  age  of 
seventy  years  provided  he  has  served  ten  years.  The 
Supreme  Court  has  both  original  and  appellate  jurisdiction. 
Cases  over  which  it  has  original  jurisdiction  are  mentioned 
in  the  Constitution.  It  holds  annual  sessions  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  commencing  on  the  first  Monday  in  October. 
Besides  his  duties  as  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  each 
one  of  these  has  charge  of  a  Circuit,  of  which  there  are  nine. 

The  following  list  gives  the  names  of  the  members  of 
this  Court,  July,  1909,  and  the  State  from  which  the 
appointee  was  chosen  and  the  date  of  the  appointment : 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  79 

Melville  W.  Fuller. Chief  Justice. . .  .Illinois 1888 

J.  M.  Harlan Associate Kentucky 1877 

D.  J.  Brewer "        Kansas 1889 

E.  D.  White "        Louisiana  1894 

Joseph  McKenna  .         "        California   1898 

0.  W.  Holmes "        Massachusetts  . .  1902 

W.  B.  Day "        Ohio  1903 

R.  W.  Peckham. . .        "        New  York 1894 

W.  H.  Moody "        .Massachusetts  .  .1906 

The  Circuit  Courts : 

There  are  nine  Circuit  Courts.  Each  of  these  has  two  or 
more  Circuit  Judges.  Each  Circuit  Court  has  a  justice 
from  the  Supreme  Court  as  its  presiding  officer.  California 
is  in  the  Ninth  Circuit.  Justice  McKenna  is  the  supreme 
justice  in  charge  and  there  are  three  Circuit  judges,  viz: 

W.  B.  Gilbert, 

E.  M.  Ross, 

W.  W.  Morrow. 

These  judges  are  appointed  for  life  by  the  President 
with  the  sanction  of  the  Senate.  The  annual  salary  of  each 
is  $7,000.00. 

The  District  Courts: 

These  vary  in  number  as  additional  states  are  formed 
and  as  judicial  business  increases.  At  present  (1909) 
there  are  seventy-five  or  seventy-six  District  Courts 


80  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

and  over  eighty  District  Judges  who  are  appointed 
as  other  United  States  judges  are,  at  an  annual  sal- 
ary of  $6,000.00.  The  districts  do  not  cross  State  lines. 
There  are  two  districts  in  California.  The  judges  for 
Northern  California  are  John  J.  DeHaven  and  Wm.  C. 
Van  Fleet.  For  Southern  California,  Olin  Wellborn  is 
District  Judge.  A  United  States  Grand  Jury,  a 
United  States  Marshal  or  Deputy  Marshal,  and  a  United 
States  District  Attorney  or  Deputy  are  the  officers  con- 
nected with  the  transaction  of  business  coming  before 
the  United  States  Courts.  The  jurisdiction  of  all  the 
courts  except  the  Supreme  Court  is  fixed  by  Congress. 
They  have  appellate  as  well  as  original  jurisdiction. 

The  Court  of  Claims: 

This  Court  is  composed  of  five  judges  appointed  for  life 
by  the  President  at  an  annual  salary  of  $6,000.00.  To  it, 
all  claims  against  the  government  are  referred  by  Congress 
before  their  payment  is  ordered. 

Circuit  Court  of  Appeals: 

"The  Chief  Justice  and  the  Associate  Justices  of  the 
Supreme  Court  assigned  to  each  Circuit  and  the  Circuit 
Judges  within  each  Circuit,  and  the  several  District 
Judges  within  each  Circuit,  shall  be  competent  to  sit  as 
judges  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals  within  their 
respective  Circuits."  Act  of  Mar.  3,  1891. 


TO    THE    TEACHING   OP    CIVICS  81 

California  is  in  the  Ninth  Circuit. 

Joseph  McKenna Presiding  Judge 

W.  B.  Gilbert...   1 

E.  M.  Ross [• Circuit  Judges 

W.  W.  Morrow..  J 

John  J.  DeHaven. . 


__._.__,          , District  Judges 

Wm.  C.  Van  Fleet.  J 

These  judges  constitute  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  of 
Appeals  for  California.  Their  salaries,  etc.,  appear  in 
another  place. 

Circuit  Court  for  Northern  District  of  California : 

is  held  in  San  Francisco.  Terms  commence  first  Monday 
in  March,  second  Monday  in  July  and  first  Monday  in 
November. 

District  Court  for  Northern  District  of  California : 

is  held  in  San  Francisco.  Terms  commence  on  first 
Monday  in  February,  second  Monday  in  July  and  fourth 
Monday  in  November. 

United  States  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals-, 

Ninth  Circuit: 

At  San  Francisco,  annual  session  begins  first  Monday  in 
October;  adjourned  sessions  on  first  Monday  of  each 
month;  calendar  sessions  for  hearing  of  cases  commence  on 
first  Monday  in  October,  February,  and  May.  Sessions  are 


82  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

held  in  Seattle  and  in  Portland.  The  jurisdiction  includes 
the  entire  Ninth  Circuit,  comprising  the  following  districts : 

Northern  and  Southern  Districts  of  California  and  the 
Districts  of  Nevada,  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho,  Montana, 
Arizona,  Hawaii,  and  Alaska. 

Besides  the  Courts  above  described  there  are  also  Judges 
of  the  District  of  Columbia  and  Territorial  Judges  who 
look  after  judicial  matters  in  the  Territories. 


CHAPTER   XI 

U.   S.   TEBEITOEY 

ORIGINAL 

This  was  acquired  by  Treaty  of  Paris  in  1783,  at  the 
close  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  It  extended  from  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  Mississippi  River,  and  from  the 
great  Lakes  to  Florida — not  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Florida 
came  by  purchase  from  Spain  in  1819. 

ACQUIRED 

The  Louisiana  Purchase  in  1803  gave  us  the  territory 
included  in  the  following  States: 

Louisiana,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Oklahoma,  Iowa,  Ne- 
braska, Montana,  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota, — the 
greater  part  of  Minnesota  and  "The  region  of  Oregon." 

This  territory  was  claimed  by  both  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain.  The  claim  of  the  United  States  had  for  its 
basis : 

Discovery  in  1792  by  fur  traders  from  New  England. 

Exploration  in  1856  by  Lewis  and  Clark. 

Settlement  in  1846  by  Americans  at  Astoria.  Treaty 
with  Spain  in  1821. 

In  1846  Great  Britain  gave  up  all  claim  to  territory 
south  of  the  49th  parallel.  This  is  the  territory  included  in 
Washington,  Oregon  and  Idaho. 


84  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Texas  was  acquired  by  annexation  in  1845.  The  Mexican 
War  followed  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  the  United  States 
gained  everything  west  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean  except  a  small  tract  known  as  the  Gadsden 
Purchase  which  came  by  purchase  in  1852. 

California,  Nevada,  Utah,  and  the  parts  of  Kansas, 
Colorado  and  Wyoming  not  included  in  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase, also  the  territory  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico — all 
were  included  in  this  acquisition. 

Alaska  was  purchased  from  Russia  in  1867. 

At  the  close  of  the  Spanish- American  War  in  1898, 
Porto  Rico,  the  Philippines  and  the  Island  of  Guam  be- 
came a  part  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States.  The 
United  States  Government  paid  Spain  $20,000,000  for  the 
Philippines. 

Hawaii  was  annexed  in  1898. 

Tetuila — one  of  the  Samoan  Islands — was  obtained  as  a 
coaling  station  from  Great  Britain  and  Germany  in  1900. 

Total  area  of  the  United  States  territory  1909— 
3,754,700  square  miles. 

SUMMARY 

Year  Administration  Area 

Louisiana   Purchase    1803     Jefferson 's    1,032,790  sq.  mi. 

Florida  Cession   1819     Monroe  'B    58,680  sq.  mi. 

Texas  Annexation   1845    Polk 's  371,063  sq.  mi. 

Mexican  Cession    1848    Polk 's  522,568  sq.  mi. 

Gadsden  Purchase  1853    Pierce 's    45,535  sq.  mi. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS 


85 


Alaska  Purchase    1867  Johnson 's    591,884  sq.  mi. 

Hawaii    1898  McKinley's    6,740  sq.  mi. 

Spanish  Treaty 1899  McKinley  's    146,750  sq.  mi. 

Tetuila    1899  McKinley's 500  sq.  mi. 

ORGANIZATION  OF  PRESENT  TERRITORIES 

Name  Date  of  Organization     Area     Population 

District  of  Columbia March  5,  1791 70  sq.  mi.  278,718 

New   Mexico    Sept.  9,  1850 122,580  sq.  mi.  192,310 

Arizona Feb.  24,  1868 113,020  sq.  mi.  122,931 

Indian  Territory June  30,  1854 31,400  sq.  mi.  391,960 

(No  government) 

Alaska July  27,  1868 590,884  sq.  mi.  66,441 

(Not  organized  regularly) 

Hawaii  June  14,  1900     . . .     6,740  sq.  mi.  66,441 

Porto  Eico   April  12,  1900 3,600  sq.  mi.  953,243 

Philippines— Treaty Feb.  6,  1899 143,000  sq.  mi.  8,000,000 

Guam — Treaty   Feb.  6,  1899 150  sq.  mi.  9,000 

Tetuila*    Nov.  8,  1899 500  sq.  mi.  6,000 


*  (By  agreement  with  Germany  and  Great  Britain.) 


CHAPTER  XII 

STATE   GOVERNMENT 

EXECUTIVE   DEPARTMENT 

All  officers  are  elected  for  four  years. 

Governor   Salary  $10,000 

Lieutenant  Governor "          4,000 

Secretary  of   State "          5,000 

State  Controller    "          5,000 

State  Treasurer   "         5,000 

Attorney  General "          6,000 

Surveyor  General '  *          5,000 

Clerk  of  Supreme  Court "          5,000 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction "          5,000 

Adjutant  General  (appointed) "          3,000 

State  Printer  "          5,000 

State  Librarian  "          3,600 

Members  of  Board  of  Equalization "          4,000 

The  Governor  has  essentially  the  same  power  in  the 
State  that  the  President  has  in  the  Nation.  He  has  the 
pardoning  power,  also  the  veto  power.  He  is  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  the  State  militia  until  called  into  the  United 
States  service.  He  has  the  power  of  appointing  a  large 
number  of  salaried  and  honorary  officers.  He  is,  in  general, 
to  see  that  the  laws  are  duly  enforced. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OP    CIVICS  87 

The  Lieutenant  Governor  is  the  presiding  officer  of  the 
State  Senate.  He  has  no  vote  unless  in  case  of  a  tie. 

THE  SECRETARY  OP  STATE 

The  Secretary  of  State  has  the  custody  of  the  enrolled 
copy  of  the  State  Constitution, — of  all  acts  passed  by  the 
Legislature, — of  the  journals  of  the  Legislature, — of  the 
great  seal  of  the  State  and  all  books,  records,  deeds,  maps 
and  papers  deposited  in  his  office  according  to  law. 

Among  his  many  duties  may  be  mentioned  that  of 
affixing  the  great  seal  of  the  State  with  his  signature  to 
all  commissions,  pardons  and  other  public  instruments 
which  the  Governor  has  signed. 

He  must  preserve  all  articles  of  incorporation  filed  in 
his  office  and  all  official  bonds. 

He  must  publish  the  acts  of  the  Legislature  and  distribute 
them  in  accordance  with  law. 

He  must  make  a  biennial  report  to  the  Governor  of  all 
of  his  official  acts. 

The  Secretary  of  State  has  charge  of  the  State  Capitol. 
He  furnishes  fuel,  lights  and  stationery  for  the  Senate  and 
Assembly  and  for  all  officers  having  their  offices  in  the 
State  Capitol. 

THE  STATE  CONTROLLER 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Controller 

(1)     To  superintend  the  fiscal  concerns  of  the  State. 


88  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

(2)  To  audit  all  claims  against  the  State. 

(3)  To  report  to  the  Governor  just  before  the  biennial 
session  of  the  Legislature  a  statement  of  the  funds  on  hand 
and  the  estimated  revenue, — a  statement  of  the  expendi- 
tures during  the  preceding  two  years,  with  an  estimate  of 
expenditures  for  the  ensuing  two  years. 

To  keep  an  account  of  all  warrants  drawn  upon  the 
treasurer. 

To  authenticate  with  his  official  seal,  all  drafts  and 
warrants  drawn  by  him  and  all  copies  of  papers  issued 
from  his  office. 

The  Controller  is  also  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of 
Equalization. 

The  duties  of  the  Controller  in  the  State,  and  the  Auditor 
in  the  county  are  similar. 

STATE  TREASURER 

Among  the  duties  of  this  officer  are  the  following: 

(1)  To  receive  and  keep  in  the  vaults  of  the  State 
Treasury  all  moneys  belonging  to  the  State,  not  required 
to  be  received  and  kept  by  some  other  person. 

(2)  To  keep  an  account  of  all  moneys  received  and 
disbursed — keeping  the  funds  separate. 

(3)  To   authenticate   all   papers   and   writings   issued 
from  his  office  with  his  official  seal. 

(4)  To  report  to  the  Legislature  when  requested  and 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OP    CIVICS  89 

to  the  Governor  at  the  time  prescribed  by  law — the  exact 
balance  in  the  Treasury  with  a  summary  of  receipts  and 
disbursements. 

(5)     To  make  a  biennial  report  to  the  Governor. 

The  reports  of  the  Controller  and  the  Treasurer  must 
tally. 

The  Treasurer  in  a  county  performs  similar  duties. 

THE    ATTORNEY-GENERAL 

The  Attorney-General  must  give  his  opinion,  in  writing 
without  fee,  upon  any  question  of  law — to  the  different 
executive  officers  of  the  State,  the  members  of  the 
Legislature  and  the  trustees  of  State  institutions. 

(2)  He  must  assist  any  County  District  Attorney  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duties  when  required  by  the  public 
service,  or  directed  by  the  Governor. 

He  must  make  a  biennial  report  to  the  Governor  on  the 
affairs  of  his  department. 

In  general — he  is  the  legal  adviser  of  the  Governor  and 
other  State  officers. 

THE   SURVEYOR   GENERAL 

He  must  keep  a  record  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
public  lands  of  the  State. 

He  must  report  biennially  to  the  Governor.  He  has  an 
official  seal. 


90  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

STATE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC 
INSTRUCTION 

This  officer  has  general  supervision  of  the  schools  of  the 
State.  He  must  apportion  semi-annually  the  state  school 
moneys  among  the  counties. 

He  must  furnish  all  necessary  registers  and  blanks. 

He  must  visit  all  orphan  asylums  to  which  State 
appropriations  are  made. 

He  must  authenticate  with  his  official  seal  all  drafts  and 
orders  issued  by  him. 

He  must  report  to  the  Controller  before  July  10  of  each 
year  the  number  of  census  children  between  the  ages  of 
5  and  17. 

He  must  visit  the  schools  of  the  different  counties  and 
make  a  biennial  report  to  the  Governor  before  the  regular 
meeting  of  the  Legislature.  This  report  must  include  the 
normal  schools  and  the  other  educational  institutions 
supported  by  the  State. 

STATE  BOARD   OF  EQUALIZATION 

This  Board  has  general  oversight  of  the  assessing  of 
property  and  the  collecting  of  taxes. 

It  must,  between  the  first  and  second  Mondays  in 
September  of  each  year,  determine  the  rate  of  the  State 
tax. 

It  must  assess  the  franchise,  roadway,  roadbed  and  all 
property  of  railroads  operated  in  more  than  one  county — 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  91 

and  apportion  such  assessments  to  the  different  cities  and 
counties  in  which  the  railroads  are  operated. 

It  must  meet  at  the  State  Capital  on  the  first  Monday  in 
August  for  the  purpose  of  equalizing  the  valuation  of  the 
taxable  property  of  the  several  counties  so  that  each  section 
may  pay  its  just  proportion  of  tax. 

The  Supervisors  in  the  County,  regulate  the  County  rate 
of  taxation. 

LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT 

The  Legislature  of  California  meets  in  the  State  Capitol 
in  Sacramento  on  the  Monday  after  January  1st  in  the 
odd  numbered  years, — hence  sessions  are  biennial. 

State  Senators  are  elected  for  four  years,  salary  is  $1,000 
for  each  regular  session,  and  mileage  of  ten  cents  a  mile 
from  their  homes  to  Sacramento  and  return.  The  Lieu- 
tenant Governor  is  the  presiding  officer  of  the  State  Senate 
and  his  salary  is  $4,000  per  annum.  There  are  forty  Sena- 
tors and  eighty  Assemblymen. 

The  Assemblymen  are  elected  for  two  years  at  a  salary  of 
$1,000  for  each  regular  session,  and  mileage  at  ten  cents 
a  mile  from  their  homes  to  Sacramento  and  return.  They 
elect  their  own  presiding  officer  who  is  called  the 
"Speaker."  There  are  eighty  Assemblymen.  Members 
of  both  houses  of  the  Legislature  receive  pay  at  the  rate  of 
$10  a  day  while  in  attendance  at  a  special  or  extra- 


92  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

ordinary  session  for  a  number  of  days  not  exceeding 
thirty. 

One  of  the  most  important  duties  of  the  Legislature  is 
to  elect  United  States  Senators  whenever  vacancies  occur. 
For  the  method  of  electing  United  States  Senators  see  sec- 
tion under  legislative  department  of  the  United  States. 

The  State  is  divided  into  forty  Senatorial  and  eighty 
Assembly  districts  beginning  at  the  northwestern  corner  of 
the  State. 

JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT 

Supreme  Court. 

One  Chief  Justice  and  six  Associates  elected  by  people 
for  twelve  years  at  an  annual  salary  of  $8,000  each  consti- 
tute the  Supreme  Court. 

The  Supreme  Court  meets  at  the  following  places : — 

In  San  Francisco,  on  the  second  Monday  in  January 
and  on  the  third  Monday  in  July. 

In  Los  Angeles,  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  and  on 
the  second  Monday  in  October. 

In  Sacramento,  on  the  first  Monday  in  May,  and  on  the 
second  Monday  in  November. 

The  following  compose  the  Supreme  Court  of  California, 
July,  1909: 

W.  H.  Beatty,  Chief  Justice.  .Sacramento  ..  .1915 
F.  M.  Angellotti,  Associate.  .San  Raf  ael . . .  1915 
Lucian  Shaw,  "  .  .Los  Angeles  ..1915 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  93 

F.  H.  Henshaw,  "  .  .Oakland 1919 

Wm.  G.  Lorigan,  "  .  .San  Jose    . . .  .1919 

Henry  W.  Melvin,  "  .  .Oakland   1911 

M.  C.  Sloss,  "  .  .San  Francisco.1911 

District  Court  of  Appeals. 

There  are  three  districts  and  three  judges  in  each 
district  elected  for  twelve  years  at  an  annual  salary  of 
$7,000.  The  Court  of  First  Appeals  districts  meet  in  San 
Francisco;  of  the  second,  in  Los  Angeles;  of  the  third  at 
Sacramento.  The  judges  of  the  first  district  are: — 

J.  K.  Cooper San  Francisco. 

Frank  H.  Kerrigan San  Francisco. 

S.  P.  Hall Oakland. 

The  judges  of  the  second  District  are : — 

Matthew  T.  Allen Los  Angeles. 

James  "W.  Taggart Santa  Barbara. 

Victor  E.  Shaw San  Diego. 

The  judges  of  the  third  District  are: — 

Norton  P.  Chipman Red  Bluff. 

Elijah  C.  Hart Sacramento. 

Albert  Y.  Bennett Santa  Rosa. 

Superior  Court. 

This  is  really  a  County  Court,  but  as  the  salary  is  paid 
partly  by  the  State  it  is  placed  here. 

The  office  of  District  Attorney  is  partly  judicial  and 
partly  executive.  The  number  of  departments  in  a  County 


94  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Superior  Court  depend  upon  the  amount  of  business.  In 
San  Francisco,  twelve — in  Alameda,  five,  etc.  The  Sheriff 
is  the  executive  officer.  Probate  Court  is  the  Department 
of  the  Superior  Court  that  attends  to  the  settling  of  the 
estates  of  deceased  persons,  proving  wills,  etc. 

The  lowest  Court  in  the  State  is  the  Justice's  Court. 
The  presiding  officer  is  a  ''Justice  of  the  Peace."  The 
executive  officer  is  the  Constable.  This  in  California  is  a 
city  or  a  township  officer. 


CHAPTER   XIII 

ORIGIN  AND  MEANING  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  THE  COUNTIES 
OF   CALIFORNIA 

(There  are  so  many  stories  and  legends  connected  with 
our  California  names  that  a  study  of  these  would  be  very 
interesting.  Those  connected  with  the  Spanish  missions 
and  settlements  are  especially  attractive.  Only  a  hint  is 
given  in  connection  with  the  names  of  the  Counties  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  following  has  been  condensed  from  the  Cali- 
fornia Blue  Book  of  1907,  published  by  the  State  under 
the  supervision  of  Hon.  C.  F.  Curry,  Secretary  of  State,  to 
whom  thanks  are  extended  for  permission  to  make  use  of 
this  table.) 
Alameda — from  Spanish  word  Alameda — meaning  a  public 

walk. 

Alpine — from  topographical  position — resembling  the  Alps. 
Amador — from  Sergeant  Pedro  Amador — a  Spanish  mili- 
tary adventurer. 

Butte — from  Marysville  Buttes — Butte  a  French  word. 
Calaveras — from     Calaveras     Creek — Calaveras — meaning 
skulls — from  the  immense  numbers  of  skulls  found 
on  the  banks. 

Colusa — from  an  Indian  tribe  on  the  west  side  of  Sacra- 
mento River. 


96  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Contra    Costa — the    Opposite    Coast — originally    included 

Alameda  County  opposite  San  Francisco. 
Pel  Norte—ihQ  North. 
El   Dorado — A   gold   bearing   belt   has   been   named   El 

Dorado,  and  after  the  discovery  of  gold  at  Sutter's 

Fort,  this  name  was  given  to  the  county. 
Fresno — Fresno  in  Spanish  means  the  Ash  Tree — found  in 

abundance  in  the  mountains. 
Glenn — from   Dr.    Hugh    J.    Glenn — one    of   the   largest 

farmers  of  this  section. 
Humboldt — from  Humboldt  Bay — named  for  Baron  Hum- 

boldt. 

Imperial — from  Imperial  Valley. 
Inyo — from  an  Indian  Tribe. 
Kern — from  the  River  of  that  name. 
Kings — from  the  Kings  River. 

Lake — because  of  the  charming  lakes  within  its  limits. 
Lassen — from  Peter  Lassen,   one   of   General   Fremont's 

scouts,  who  was  killed  by  the  Piutes  at  the  foot  of 

Lassen  Peak  in  1859. 
Los  Angeles — the  City  of  the  Angels — named  really  in 

honor    of   the   Virgin   Mary — "Our    Lady   of    the 

Angels." 

Madera — from  Spanish  word  meaning  timber. 
Marin — from  Chief  Marin  of  an  Indian  tribe  who  lived  in 

this  section. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  97 

Mariposa — Spanish  meaning  'butterfly — name  given  to  a 

stream  by  a  party  of  hunters  who  were  delighted 

with  the  vast  numbers  of  butterflies  of  gorgeous 

colors  that  hovered  around. 
Mendocino — from  Cape  Mendocino — This  cape  was  named 

by  Cabrillo  in  honor  of  Don  Antonio  de  Mendoza, 

appointed  Viceroy  of  Mexico  in  1535,  by  the  King  of 

Spain. 
Merced — from  Merced  Eiver — called  originally  in  Spanish 

"Rio  de  la  Senora  Merced  "—meaning— "  The  River 

of  Our  Lady  of  Mercy." 
Modoc — from  a  fierce  tribe  of  Indians  of  that  name.    Name 

means  the  head  of  the  river,  meaning  the  Pitt  River. 
Mono — from  a  tribe  of  Indians. 
Monterey — Spanish — King  of  the  Forest. 
Napa — Indian    word    meaning    fish — from    the    immense 

numbers  of  fish  that  were  found  here. 
Nevada — Spanish — snowy — from  perpetually  snow-capped 

mountains  within  its  borders. 

Orange — from  the  orange  groves  that  have  made  it  famous. 
Placer — probably  a  contraction  of  plaza  de  oro}  the  place 

of  gold. 
Plumas — Spanish   for   feathers.     The   Spanish   originally 

named  one  of  the  tributaries  of  the   Sacramento 

"Rio  de  las  Plumas."    The  Americans  changed  it 

to  the  Feather  River. 
Riverside — from  a  town  of  that  name  within  its  boundaries. 


98  PRACTICAL    AIDS 

Sacramento — from  the  river  of  the  same  name.  This  river 
was  first  named  by  a  Spanish  officer — Jesus  Maria 
and  afterward  Sacramento. 

San  Benito — A  small  river  named  in  honor  of  San  Benedict, 
the  patron  saint  of  the  married,  gives  the  name  to 
this  county. 

San  Bernardino — from  a  mountain  of  this  name.  The 
mountain  was  named  in  honor  of  St.  Bernard,  the 
patron  saint  of  mountain  passes. 

San  Diego — from  town  and  bay  of  same  name. 

San  Francisco — from  the  Mission  San  Francisco — founded 
1776. 

San  Joaquin — In  1813  Lieut.  Moraga  gave  to  the  river  the 
name  San  Joaquin.  This,  in  turn,  gives  the  name 
to  the  County. 

San  Luis  Obispo — Saint  Louis  the  Bishop — named  from  St. 
Louis  the  Bishop  of  Toulouse.  The  Mission  estab- 
lished here  in  1772  received  this  name  and  from  this 
the  county  and  town. 

San  Mateo — from  St.  Matthew — Spanish,  San  Mateo. 

Santa  Barbara — The  mission  established  here  in  1786  re- 
ceived this  name  from  Father  Serra  who  founded  it. 
Hence  the  name  of  the  town  and  county. 

Santa  Clara — from  the  Mission  of  Santa  Clara,  founded 
in  1777. 

Santa  Cruz — Holy  Cross,  from  a  cross  erected  to  mark  the 
site  of  a  mission  in  1791. 


TO    THE    TEACHING   OF    CIVICS  99 

Shasta — from  the  mountain  of  same  name. 

Siskiyou — from  Indian  tribe,  origin  of  word  not  known. 

Solano — from  missionary  Francisco  Solano. 

Sonoma — Indian  word  meaning  "Valley  of  the  Moon." 

Stanislaus — from  Chief  of  a  powerful  tribe  of  Indians  who 

lived  on  what  is  now  known  as  the  Stanislaus  River. 
Suiter — From  Gen'l  John  Sutter. 

Tehama — from  Indian  tribe,  meaning  of  word  not  known. 
Trinity — Because  Trinity  Bay  was  discovered  on  Trinity 

Sunday,  the  name  was  given  to  the  bay  and  to  the 

county  later. 
Tulare — Lieut.  Moraga  passed  through  this  part  of  the 

valley  in  1813  and  named  it  "The  Valley  of  the 

Tules."    The  lake  in  this  section  received  the  name 

Tulare  Lake  and  the  County  was  named  in  the 

same  way. 
Tuolumne — from  a  large  tribe  of  Indians  who  formerly 

lived  on  both  sides  of  the  river.     The  word  is  of 

Indian  origin. 
Ventura — Buena    Ventura — good    luck — from    a    mission 

founded  1782  by  Father  Serra,  and  dedicated  to 

St.  Bona  Ventura,  hence  name  of  town  and  county. 
Tolo — Indian  word  meaning  a  place  thick  with  rushes. 
Yuba — from  Spanish  word  meaning  "Wild  Grape. " 


CHAPTER  XIV 
EEVENUE    FOB    EDUCATIONAL    PUEPOSES 

We  have  shown  elsewhere  that  the  general  government 
has  made  very  liberal  land  grants  to  assist  the  States  in 
establishing  and  maintaining  a  complete  system  of  public 
education.  The  management  of  the  schools  and  all  of 
the  detail  work  in  connection  with  them  devolves  entirely 
upon  the  State.  The  State  law  in  these  matters  is 
supreme. 

Let  us  see  what  other  sources  of  school  revenue  exists 
for  State,  County,  municipal  or  district  funds.  After  this 
is  made  clear  the  method  of  distributing  this  money  to  the 
several  districts  will  be  briefly  explained. 

STATE  FUND 

A  poll  tax  or  capitation  tax  must  be  collected  from 
every  male  inhabitant  of  the  State  over  21  and  under  60 
years  of  age,  except  paupers,  insane  persons  and  Indians 
not  taxed.  This  money  must  be  paid  to  the  County 
treasurer  as  provided  by  law,  for  the  exclusive  use  of  the 
State  School  Fund. 

All  taxes  levied  and  collected  under  the  act  approved 
March  23,  1893,  entitled  :— 

"An  act  to  establish  a  tax  on  gifts,  legacies,  etc.  This 
is  known  as  the  "Inheritance  tax." 


TO    THE    TEACHIN  £,   OF    OIVICS  l6l 

"All  taxes  levied  and  collected  under  this  act  up  to  the 
amount  of  $250,000,  annually,  shall  be  paid  into  the 
treasury  of  the  State  for  the  use  of  the  State  School 
Fund,  etc." 

In  addition  to  these  items,  an  ' '  ad  valorem ' '  tax  sufficient 
to  obtain  as  a  minimum  with  other  funds,  the  sum  of  $7 
for  each  census  child  between  the  ages  of  5  and  17,  must 
be  levied  and  collected  at  the  time  that  other  taxes  are  paid. 

The  State  Superintendent  apportioning  these  funds  to 
the  different  counties  shall  allow  $250  for  every  teacher 
determined  by  the  school  census  for  the  next  preceding 
school  year.  In  determining  the  number  of  teachers  to 
which  each  county  is  entitled  one  teacher  is  allowed  for 
every  70  census  children  or  fraction  of  70.  The  remainder 
of  the  available  funds  is  distributed  according  to  the 
"Average  Daily  Attendance."  All  money  from  the  State 
fund  shall  be  used,  exclusively,  for  the  payment  of 
teachers'  salaries. 

To  find  the  amount  to  be  apportioned  at  any  given  time 
we  must  add  to  the  unapportioned  funds  the  following 
amounts : — • 

The  amount  received  from  poll  tax. 

property  tax. 

11  "  "          "    on  railroads, 

inheritance  tax. 
interest  on  bonds. 

"       on  school  lands. 


102  IT.ACTICAL   AIDS 

More  than  four  million  dollars  is  apportioned  annually 
to  the  primary  and  grammar  schools  from  the  State  Fund. 

COUNTY    FUND 

The  County  Superintendent  must  calculate  the  amount 
to  be  raised  at  $500  per  teacher  using  the  same  basis  as 
given  above,  viz :  one  teacher  for  every  70  census  children. 
From  this  amount  he  must  deduct  the  amount  received 
from  State  Apportionment  in  the  next  preceding  school 
year,  the  remainder  shall  be  the  minimum  amount  to  be 
raised, — provided  if  this  amount  is  not  sufficient  to  raise 
$7  for  each  census  child  the  minimum  shall  be  raised  to 
give  an  amount  equal  to  $7  to  each  child. 

The  Board  of  Supervisors  of  the  County  fixes  the  tax 
rate  which  includes  all  state  taxes  as  fixed  by  the  State 
Board  of  Equalization. 

The  taxes  are  paid  in  two  installments,  one-half  becoming 
delinquent  on  the  last  Monday  in  November  and  the  second 
half  on  the  last  Monday  in  April.  The  first  County 
Apportionment  is  made  in  December  and  the  second  in 
May. 

The  County  Treasurers  pay  the  State  taxes  to  the  State 
Treasurer  in  December  and  May  and  the  State  Appor- 
tionments for  the  schools  come  in  January  and  July  of 
each  year. 

The  County  Superintendent  apportions  the  State  and 
County  funds  as  follows : — 


TO    THE    TEACHING   OF    CIVICS  103 

Five  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  shall  be  apportioned  to 
every  school  district  for  every  teacher  allowed  to  it.  The 
balance  of  the  money  is  distributed  according  to  the 
" Average  Daily  Attendance"  in  each  district  during  the 
preceding  school  year.  In  Municipalities,  the  Council 
may  levy  a  school  tax  annually.  The  Board  of  Education 
of  such  Municipality  must  notify  the  Council  of  the 
amount  needed  over  and  above  the  money  expected  from 
the  State  and  County.  The  Council  must  levy  a  sufficient 
tax  to  provide  this  amount.  In  Municipalities  the  tax  rate 
is  limited  either  by  law  or  by  the  Municipal  Charter. 

The  law  also  provides  that  any  district  may  vote  to  raise 
money  for  permanent  improvements  either  by  direct  tax 
or  by  bonding  the  district. 

To  raise  money  by  tax  a  majority  vote  is  all  that  is 
required.  To  raise  money  by  bonding  a  two-thirds  vote  is 
necessary. 


CHAPTER   XV 
EEVENUE    AND    TAXATION 

Revenue  for  the  general  government  is  derived  from 
indirect  rather  than  from  direct  taxation.  Duties  on  im- 
ported goods,  the  Internal  Revenue  tax  and  the  revenue 
from  the  Post  Office  Department  are  the  three  principal 
sources  from  which  the  current  expenses  of  the  Government 
are  met. 

To  provide  means  for  defraying  the  general  expenses  of 
State  and  local  governments,  and  for  improvements  of 
various  kinds,  the  direct  tax  is  the  one  method  in  vogue. 
Whenever  such  a  call  is  made,  an  estimate  is  made  of  the 
amount  of  taxable  property  in  the  county  or  town.  This  is 
done  by  an  officer  either  elected  or  appointed  for  the 
purpose.  This  officer  is  known  as  the  Assessor. 

(In  California,  people  must  give  to  the  Assessor  a  sworn 
statement  of  all  property  that  they  own  and  that  stands 
in  their  names  at  12  o'clock  noon  of  the  first  Monday  in 
March.  Any  one  who  fails  to  do  this  may  have  an  arbi- 
trary valuation  of  his  property  fixed  by  the  Assessor, 
subject,  however,  to  the  approval  of  the  Board  of 
Equalization  of  the  County  or  Town.) 

After  the  assessment  rolls  have  been  completed, — in  the 
County  they  are  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Board  of 
Supervisors, — in  the  town  or  city  they  are  placed  in  the 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  105 

hands  of  the  Town  Trustees  or  of  the  City  Council,  as  the 
case  may  be.  These  serve  as  Boards  of  Equalization,  that 
is,  they  may  raise  assessments  if  they  think  that  any 
property  is  rated  at  too  low  a  figure  by  the  Assessor.  Any 
person  who  thinks  that  he  has  been  treated  unfairly  by 
the  Assessor  in  his  assessment,  may  appear  before  the 
Board  of  Equalization  and  ask  for  a  reduction. 

After  the  Board  of  Equalization  has  finished  its  labors, 
the  tax  rolls  are  given  into  the  hands  of  the  tax-collector, 
who  proceeds  to  collect  the  money  in  the  manner  prescribed 
by  law. 

As  the  town  or  County  Board  of  Equalization  makes 
every  effort  to  render  an  equitable  and  just  assessment  all 
through  their  jurisdiction,  so  the  State  Board  of  Equaliza- 
tion, who  are  elected  for  this  purpose  ~by  the  people,  sees 
to  it  that  there  is  a  just  and  equitable  assessment  of  all 
properties  in  the  different  counties,  so  that  each  County 
may  pay  its  just  portion  of  public  expense.  The  assess- 
ment of  all  Corporations  doing  business  in  the  State  in 
more  than  one  County  is  made  by  the  State  Board  of 
Equalization. 

The  general  method  of  assessing  property  and  of 
collecting  the  taxes  is  essentially  the  same  in  all  the  States. 

While  State  laws  vary  somewhat — it  must  be  remembered 
that  United  States  laws  are  of  uniform  application  all 
over  the  country  and  are  interpreted  by  the  United  States 
Courts.  State  laws  are  interpreted  by  the  State  Courts 


106  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

but  they  must  never  be  in  conflict  with  the  constitution 
and  laws  of  the  country. 

By  state  law,  Boards  of  Health,  Insurance  Commissions, 
Bank  Inspectors,  etc.,  may  be  appointed  and  their  duties 
may  be  denned.  Quarantine  of  towns  on  the  sea-board, 
pure  food  laws  and  the  like  are  established  by  Congres- 
sional acts  as  well  as  by  State  acts.  In  general,  the  State 
can  do  all  things  regarding  its  own  government  and  to 
promote  its  own  welfare  that  are  not  expressly  prohibited 
in  the  United  States  Constitution,  for  the  tenth  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  reads  as  follows : — 

"The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  this 
Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  states  are  reserved 
to  the  States  respectively,  or  to  the  people. ' ' 


CHAPTER  XVI 

QUALIFICATIONS  FOB  VOTING   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES 

In  all  of  the  States  except  Indiana,  Texas,  and  New 
Hampshire  registration  either  total  or  partial  is  required. 
In  a  few  of  the  States  the  registration  is  required  only  in 
cities.  This  is  the  partial  registration  referred  to  here. 

In  all  of  the  States,  voters  must  be  twenty-one  years  of 
age,  and  citizens  of  the  United  States ;  though  in  Arkansas, 
Florida,  Indiana,  and  North  Dakota,  a  person  who  has 
declared  his  intention  of  becoming  a  citizen,  may  vote. 
This  is  a  general  statement.  The  laws  in  the  separate 
States  provide  as  follows : — 

Alabama — Voters  must  be  able  to  read  and  write  or 
must  have  property  qualifications. 

They  must  have  a  residence  in  the  state  for  two  years ; 
in  the  county  one  year  and  in  the  precinct  for  three 
months. 

Idiots,  insane  persons,  and  unpardoned  criminals  can 
not  vote. 

Arkansas — Voters  must  have  a  residence  in  the  State 
for  one  year,  in  the  County,  six  months,  and  in  the 
precinct,  thirty  days. 

Idiots,  insane  persons,  and  persons  convicted  of  felony 
can  not  vote. 


108  PRACTICAL    AIDS 

California — Male  citizens  of  the  United  States  or  those 
who  became  such  by  treaty  at  close  of  Mexican  War.  This 
provision  applies  to  very  few  now.  A  voter  must  be  able  to 
read  the  Constitution  and  write  his  own  name. 

He  must  have  a  residence  of  one  year  in  the  State, 
ninety  days  in  the  County,-  and  thirty  days  in  the  precinct. 

Chinese,  idiots,  insane  persons,  and  persons  convicted  of 
embezzlement  or  infamous  crimes,  can  not  vote. 

Colorado — Woman  suffrage  is  allowed. 

A  residence  of  one  year  in  the  State,  six  months  in  the 
county,  ten  days  in  the  precinct  is  required. 

Insane  persons  and  criminals  can  not  vote. 

Connecticut — Voters  must  be  able  to  read  English. 

They  must  have  had  a  residence  in  the  state  for  one  year, 
six  months  in  the  county;  also  residence  in  cities  or  towns 
for  six  months. 

Persons  convicted  of  infamous  crimes  can  not  vote. 

Delaware — Voters  must  be  able  to  write  their  own  name 
and  to  read  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

They  must  have  had  a  residence  of  one  year  in  the  State, 
three  months  in  the  county,  and  thirty  days  in  the 
precinct. 

Insane  persons,  idiots,  paupers  and  persons  convicted 
of  felony  can  not  vote. 

Florida — Voters  must  be  citizens  of  the  United  States 
or  must  have  declared  their  intention  to  become  such. 
They  must  pay  poll  tax. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  109 

They  must  have  had  a  residence  of  one  year  in  the  State, 
and  six  months  in  the  county. 

Idiots,  insane  persons,  and  persons  convicted  of  felony 
can  not  vote. 

Georgia — Voters  must  have  had  a  residence  of  one  year 
in  the  State,  and  six  months  in  the  county. 

Idiots,  insane  persons,  persons  convicted  of  treason, 
embezzlement  or  felony,  not  pardoned,  can  not  vote. 

Idaho — Woman  suffrage  is  allowed. 

Six  months  residence  in  State,  and  thirty  days  in  the 
county  is  required. 

Idiots,  insane  persons,  or  persons  under  guardianship, 
or  convicted  of  a  criminal  offense  can  not  vote. 

Indiana — Voters  must  be  citizens  of  United  States  or 
must  have  declared  their  intentions  to  become  so.  A  resi- 
dence of  six  months  is  required  in  the  State  and  sixty 
days  in  the  township.  No  registration  is  required. 
Soldiers  and  marines  and  persons  convicted  of  felony 
can  not  vote. 

Illinois — Voters  must  have  had  a  residence  in  the  State 
for  one  year,  in  the  county  for  ninety  days  and  in  the 
precinct  for  thirty  days.  Persons  convicted  of  felony 
can  not  vote. 

Iowa — Six  months  residence  in  the  State  and  sixty  days 
in  the  county  is  required.  Eegistration  in  cities  of  3,500 
or  over. 


110  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Insane  persons,  idiots,  and  persons  convicted  of  felony 
can  not  vote. 

Kansas — Six  months  residence  in  the  State  and  thirty 
days  in  the  precinct  required.  Registration  is  required  in 
cities  of  first  and  second  class. 

Criminals  and  insane  persons  can  not  vote. 

Maryland — Voters  must  have  resided  in  the  State  one 
year  and  in  the  county  six  months. 

Idiots,  insane  persons  and  persons  convicted  of  in- 
famous crimes  and  not  pardoned  can  not  vote. 

Massachusetts — Voters  must  be  able  to  read  English 
and  to  write  their  own  names.  Residence  for  one  year  in 
the  State,  and  six  months  in  the  city  or  town  is  required. 

Michigan — Voters  must  have  residence  in  the  State  six 
months  and  in  the  county  and  precinct  twenty  days. 

Idiots,  insane  persons  and  persons  convicted  of  felony 
not  pardoned  can  not  vote. 

Minnesota — Voters  must  have  resided  in  the  State  six 
months  and  in  the  precinct  and  county  thirty  days. 

Duelists  and  abettors  of  dueling  can  not  vote. 

Mississippi — Voters  must  be  tax-payers  and  able  to 
read  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

They  must  have  resided  two  years  in  the  State,  one 
year  in  the  county  and  precinct. 

Persons  convicted  of  felony,  bigamy,  burglary,  perjury, 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  111 

forgery,  embezzlement,  or  theft  can  not  vote.  Neither  can 
idiots  or  insane  persons  vote. 

Ohio — Residence  required,  one  year  in  the  State ;  thirty 
days  in  the  county  and  twenty  days  in  the  precinct.  In 
cities  of  10,000  or  more  registration  is  required. 

Convicts  and  insane  persons  can  not  vote. 

Oklahoma — Citizens  of  the  United  States,  also  male 
persons  of  Indian  descendants  who  were  natives  of  the 
United  States  are  voters.  Woman  suffrage  at  school  dis- 
trict elections  is  allowed. 

Residence  of  one  year  in  the  State,  six  months  in  the 
county  and  thirty  days  in  the  precinct  is  required. 

Persons  convicted  of  felony,  paupers  (except  ex-soldiers), 
idiots,  insane  persons  and  officers  and  members  of  the 
United  States  Army  or  Navy  can  not  vote. 

Oregon — Residence  of  six  months  in  the  State,  thirty 
days  in  the  county  and  precinct  is  required. 

Insane  persons  and  persons  convicted  of  felony  can  not 
vote. 

Pennsylvania — Must  have  residence  in  the  State  of  one 
year  and  in  the  precinct  of  sixty  days.  Registration  is 
required  in  cities  only. 

Persons  convicted  of  felony  can  not  vote. 

Missouri — Voters  must  have  resided  in  the  State  one 
year  and  in  the  county  sixty  days.  Registration  is 
required  in  cities  of  over  2,500. 


112  PRACTICAL    AIDS 

Soldiers,  marines,  paupers,  idiots,  insane  persons  and 
persons  convicted  of  felony  can  not  vote. 

Montana — One  year  residence  in  the  State,  thirty  days 
in  the  county,  and  ten  days  in  the  precinct  is  required. 
Insane  persons  and  convicts  not  pardoned  can  not  vote. 

Nebraska — Citizens  of  United  States  for  one  year,  six 
months  residence  in  the  State,  forty  days  in  the  county 
and  ten  days  in  the  precinct  required.  Registration  is 
required  in  cities  of  more  than  5,000. 

Idiots,  insane  persons  and  persons  convicted  of  felony, 
not  restored  to  citizenship,  can  not  vote. 

Nevada — Six  months  residence  in  the  State,  thirty  days 
in  the  county,  ten  days  in  the  precinct  is  required. 

Insane  persons,  idiots,  and  persons  convicted  of  felony 
or  treason  can  not  vote. 

New  Hampshire — Voters  must  be  able  to  read  and  write. 
Residence  of  six  months  in  State  and  precinct  is  required. 

Paupers  and  insane  persons  can  not  vote,  nor  can  persons 
who  are  excused  from  paying  taxes  at  their  own  request. 

New   Jersey — Residence    of    one    year   in    State,    five 
months  in  the  county,  one  day  in  the  precinct  is  required. 
Convicts,  insane  persons  and  idiots  can  not  vote. 

New  York — Residence  for  one  year  in  the  State,  four 
months  in  the  county  and  thirty  days  in  the  precinct  is 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OP    CIVICS  113 

required.    Registration  in  towns  and  cities  of  5,000  or 
more. 

Persons  convicted  of  felony,  bribery,  or  any  infamous 
crime,  can  not  vote. 

North  Carolina — Voters  must  have  resided  in  the  State 
for  one  year,  and  in  the  county  for  three  hundred  days. 

Persons  convicted  of  treason,  perjury,  or  any  infamous 
crimes,  and  who  have  not  been  restored  to  citizenship,  can 
not  vote. 

North  Dakota — Either  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  or 
one  who  has  declared  his  intention  to  become  such,  one 
year  before  election  may  vote.  Voters  must  have  resided 
in  the  State  one  year,  in  the  county  six  months,  and  in  the 
precinct  for  ninety  days. 

Idiots,  insane  persons,  persons  under  guardianship, 
persons  convicted  of  treason  or  felony,  who  have  not  been 
restored  to  their  civil  rights,  can  not  vote. 

Rhode  Island — Must  have  resided  in  State  two  .years 
and  in  the  county  six  months. 

If  a  tax  payer,  residence  of  one  year  in  the  state  and  of 
six  months  in  county  is  required.  Eegistration  is  required 
of  non  tax  payers. 

Paupers,  insane  persons,  idiots,  persons  under  guardian- 
ship, Indians,  persons  convicted  of  infamous  crimes,  who 
have  not  been  pardoned,  can  not  vote. 

South  Carolina — Citizens  of  the  United  States  and  tax 


114  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

payers  can  vote.  A  residence  of  two  years  in  the  state,  one 
year  in  county  and  four  months  in  the  precinct  is  required. 
Same  classes  as  in  Rhode  Island  are  not  allowed  to  vote. 

South  Dakota — Voters  must  have  resided  in  the  State 
one  year,  in  the  county  six  months  and  in  the  precinct 
thirty  days.  All  persons  under  guardianship  and  un- 
pardoned  villains  can  not  vote. 

Tennessee — Must  be  citizen  of  United  States  and  must 
pay  poll  tax.  Registration  is  required  in  towns  and 
cities.  No  persons  are  specified  as  not  being  allowed  to 
vote. 

West  Virginia — A  residence  of  one  year  in  the  State, 
six  months  in  the  county  and  ten  days  in  precinct  is 
required. 

Persons  convicted  of  treason,  felony  or  bribery 
in  elections,  idiots  and  insane  persons  and  paupers  can 
not  vote. 

Wisconsin —  Citizens  of  the  United  States  or  those  who 
have  declared  intention  of  becoming  citizens  may  vote. 

Residence  of  one  year  in  the  State;  thirty  days  in  the 
county  and  ten  days  in  the  precinct  is  required.  Registra- 
tion in  cities. 

Insane  persons  and  persons  convicted  of  treason  and 
felony  can  not  vote. 

Wyoming— Voters  must  be  able  to  read  English. 
Woman  suffrage  is  allowed. 


TO   THE    TEACHING   OP    CIVICS  115 

[Residence  of  one  year  in  the  state  and  sixty  days  in 
county  is  required.  Insane  persons  cannot  vote. 

Kentucky — Residence  of  one  year  in  the  State,  six 
months  in  the  county  and  sixty  days  in  the  precinct  is 
required.  Registration  is  required  in  all  incorporated 
towns. 

Idiots,  insane  persons  and  persons  convicted  of  felony 
and  who  have  not  been  pardoned  or  restored  to  citizenship 
can  not  vote. 

Louisiana — Voters  must  pay  poll  tax,  and  be  able  to 
read  and  write.  They  must  have  residence  in  State  for 
three  years,  in  the  county  one  year  and  in  the  precinct 
for  six  months. 

Insane  persons,  idiots,  and  those  who  have  committed 
crimes  punishable  by  imprisonment,  embezzlers  of  public 
funds,  and  persons  not  owning  property  assessed  at  $300 
or  more,  can  not  vote. 

Maine — One  must  be  able  to  read  and  write  and  must 
have  a  residence  of  three  months  in  the  State  and  precinct. 

Paupers,  insane  persons,  under  guardianship,  and 
Indians,  not  taxed,  can  not  vote. 


CHAPTER  XVII 

STATISTICS    OF    THE    STATES 

Delaware,  Motto—" Liberty  and  Independence/' 

Admitted  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen — 1787. 

Area — 2,050  square  miles. 

First  Settlement  at  Wilmington— by  Swedes— 1638. 

Origin  of  name — Lord  Delaware. 

Capital — Dover. 

State  Mower — Peach  Blossom. 

Number   of   soldiers   furnished   for   Civil   War — 

10,322. 
Delaware  is  sometimes  called  the  ' '  Diamond  State, ' ' 

and  again  the  "Blue  Hen  State/* 
Number  of  representatives — 1. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 3. 

Pennsylvania,  Motto— "Virtue,  Liberty,  Independence." 
Admitted  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen — 1787. 
Area — 45,215  square  miles. 
First   Settlement,   at   Philadelphia — by   English — • 

1683. 

Origin  and  meaning  of  name — Penn's  Woods. 
Pennsylvania  is  sometimes  known  as  the  "Keystone 

State. " 
Number  of  soldiers  furnished  for  the  civil  war — 

265,517. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  117 

Capital — Harrisburg. 

Number  of  representatives — 32. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 34. 
New  Jersey,  Motto — "Liberty  and  Independence. " 

Admitted  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen — 1787. 

Area — 7,815  square  miles. 

Number  of  soldiers  furnished  for  civil  war — 57,908. 

First  Settlement— at  Bergen  by  Dutch— 1617. 

Origin  of  name — Name  given  in  honor,  by  Charles 
II,  of  Sir  George  Carteret,  Governor  of  Island 
of  Jersey. 

Capital — Trenton. 

Number  of  representatives — 10. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 12. 
Georgia,  Motto — "Wisdom,  Justice,  Moderation." 

Admitted  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen — 1788. 

Area — 59,475  square  miles. 

First  Settlement — 

Origin  of  name — In  honor  of  George  II. 

Called  "Empire  State  of  the  South. " 

Capital — Atlanta. 

Number  of  representatives — 11. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 13. 
Connecticut,  Motto — ' ' Qui  transtulit,  sustinet. "    "He  who 
has  transferred,  sustains." 

Admitted  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen — 1788. 

Area — 4,990  square  miles. 


118  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

First  Settlement  by  English  at  Windsor— 1633. 

Wethersfield— 1634. 

Origin  of  name — Indian  name  for  1 1  Long  River. ' ' 
1  'The  Wooden  Nutmeg  State." 
Number  of  soldiers  furnished  for  the  civil  war — 

50,623. 

Capital — Hartford. 
Number  of  representatives — 5. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 7. 

Massachusetts,  Motto — "Ense  petit  placidam  sub  libertate 
quietam."  "By  her  sword  she  seeks  a  calm 
repose  under  liberty. " 

Admitted  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen — 1788. 

Area — 8,315  square  miles. 

First  Settlement  by  English  at  Plymouth— 1620. 

Origin  of  name — Indian  for  "Great  Hills." 

Sometimes  known  as  "The  Bay  State." 

State  Flower — Columbine. 

Number  of  soldiers  furnished  for  the  civil  war — 
124,104. 

Capital — Boston. 

Number  of  representatives — 14. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 16. 

Maryland,  Motto — "Crescite  et  multiplicamini. "  "In- 
crease and  multiply." 

Admitted  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen — 1788. 
Area — 12,210  square  miles. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  119 

First  Settlement  by  English  at  St.  Mary's— 1634. 
Origin   of   name — In   honor    of   Queen   Henrietta 

Maria,  wife  of  Charles  I. 

• 

Capital — Annapolis. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  in  civil  war — 41,275. 

Number  of  representatives — 6. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 8. 
South    Carolina,    Motto — "Animis    opibusque    parati." 
" Ready  with  our  lives  and  our  property.'7 

Admitted  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen — 1788. 

Area — 30,570  square  miles. 

First  Settlement — by  English  at  Ashley  River — 
1670. 

Origin    of    the    name — Latin    Carolus,    honor    of 
Charles  II. 

Called  often  "The  Palmetto  State." 

Capital — Columbia. 

Number  of  representatives — 7. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 9. 

Seceded  Dec.  20,  1860.    Readmitted  June  11,  1868. 
New  Hampshire, 

Admitted  as  one  of  original  thirteen — 1788. 

Area — 9,305  square  miles. 

First  settlement  Dover,  by  English  in  1627. 

Original  of  name — Hampshire,  England. 

"The  Granite  State." 

Capital — Concord. 


120  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  in  Civil  "War — 30,849. 

Number  of  representatives — 2. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 4. 

Virginia.     Motto — "Sic  semper  tyrannis."     "Thus   ever 
to  Tyrants. " 

Admitted  as  one  of  original  thirteen — 1788. 

Area — 42,450  square  miles. 

First  settlement  by  English  at  Jamestown — 1607. 

Origin  of  name — In  honor  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  the 
"Virgin  Queen." 

"The  Old  Dominion"  because  Charles  II  allowed  it 
to  be  called  the  fourth  dominion,  i.  e.  "Eng- 
land, Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Virginia" — 
Fiske. 

Capital — Eichmond. 

Seceded  April  16,  1861.    Readmitted  Jan.  15,  1870. 

Number  of  representatives — 10. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 12. 
New  York,  Motto— "Excelsior." 

Admitted  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen — 1778. 

Area — 49,170  square  miles. 

Settled  by  Dutch  at  New  York  in  1614. 

Origin  of  name — Duke  of  York. 

"The  Empire  State." 

Also  the  "Excelsior  State." 

Number    of   soldiers   furnished   for   Civil   "War — 
392,270. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  121 

State  Flower— The  Eose. 

State  Tree— The  Maple. 

Capital — Albany. 

Number  of  representatives — 37. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 39. 
North  Carolina,   Motto— "Esse,  quam  videri."     "To  be 
rather  than  to  seem." 

Admitted  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen — 1788. 

Area — 52,250  square  miles. 

First  settlement  by  English,  Albemarle — 1663. 

Origin  of  name — Carolus — in  honor  of  Charles  II. 

Also  called  "The  Old  North  State." 

Capital — Raleigh. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers,  Civil  "War — 3,156. 

Also  caUed  the  "Turpentine  State." 

Seceded  May  21,  1861.     Readmitted  June  11,  1868. 

Number    of  representatives — 10. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 12. 
Rhode  Island,  Motto— "Hope." 

Admitted  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen — 1790. 

Area — 1,250  square  miles. 

First  Settlement — by  English  near  Providence — 
1636. 

Origin  of  Name — name  seems  to  have  been  taken 
from  Isle  of  Rhodes. 

State  Flower— The  Violet. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  in  Civil  War — 17,866. 


122  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Capital — Providence. 

Number  of  representatives — 1. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 3. 
Vermont,  Motto — "Freedom  and  Unity/' 

Admitted   in   Washington's   Administration — 14th 
State— 1791. 

Area — 9,565  square  miles. 

First  Settlement  by  English  at  Brattleboro — 1724. 

Origin  of  Name — from  French — Green  Mountain. 

This  State  was  formed  from  territory  claimed  by 
New  York  and  New  Hampshire. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  in  Civil  War — 29,068. 

Sometimes  called  the  "Green  Mountain  State/' 

State  Flower — Red  Clover. 

Capital — Montpelier. 

Number  of  representatives — 2. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 4. 
Kentucky,  Motto — "United  we  stand,  divided  we  fall/' 

Admitted  as  the  15th  State  during  Washington's 
Administration  in  1792,  taken  from  Virginia. 

Area — 40,400  square  miles. 

First   Settlement   by   English   near   Boonesboro — 
1775. 

Meaning  of  Name — from  Iroquois  meaning  "Hunt- 
ing Ground." 

Fiske   says  the  usual  interpretation   "Dark   and 
Bloody  Ground"  is  incorrect. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  123 

Called  sometimes  "The  Blue  Grass  State."    "Corn 

Cracker  State. " 
Capital — Frankfort. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  for  Civil  War— 70,832. 
Number  of  representatives — 11. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 13. 
Tennessee,  Motto — "Agriculture  and  Commerce. " 

Admitted    as    16th    State    during    Washington's 

Administration  in  1769. 

Origin  of  Name — Indian,  "Bend  of  the  Water. " 
Area — 42,050  square  miles. 
First  Settlement  by  English  in  Watanga — 1769. 
State  Flower— Golden  Eod. 
Number  of  Union  soldiers   for  the   Civil  War — 

26,394. 

Capital — Nashville. 
Sometimes  called  the  "Volunteer  State"  from  the 

large  number   of  soldiers   furnished  for  the 

Seminole  War. 

Number  of  representatives — 10. 
Number  of  presidential  electors— 12. 
Ohio,  Motto — "Imperium  in  imperio." 

Admitted  during  Jefferson's  administration  as  17th 

State  in  1803. 
Area — 41,060  square  miles. 

First  settlement — Americans  near  Marietta — 1788. 
Origin  of  name — Indian — "Beautiful  River." 


124  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

The   first   State   from   the   North   West   Territory. 

It  is  sometimes  known  as  the  ' '  Buckeye  State. ' ' 

Capital — Columbus. 

State  Flower — Golden  Rod. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  of  the  civil  war — 240,514. 

Number  of  representatives — 21. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 23. 
Louisiana,  Motto — " Union  and  Confidence." 

Admitted  in  1812  during  Madison's  administration 
as  the  18th  State. 

Area — 48,720  square  miles. 

First  Settlement  by  French  below  New  Orleans — 
1700. 

Origin  of  Name — in  honor  of  Louis  XIV  of  France. 

The  first  State  from  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 

It  is  sometimes  called  "The  Pelican  State,"  also 
"The  Creole  State." 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  of  the  civil  war — 4,654. 

Capital — Baton  Rouge. 

Number  of  representatives — 7. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 9. 

Seceded  Jan.  26,  1861.     Readmitted  June  11,  1868. 
Indiana.     Admitted  in  1816  during  Madison's  administra- 
tion as  the  19th  State. 

It  was  the  second  State  from  the  North  West  Terri- 
tory. 

Area — 36,350  square  miles. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  125 

First  Settlement,  by  French  at  Vincennes — 1702. 
Origin  of  Name — from  the  Indian. 
It  is  sometimes  called  "The  Hoosier  State/' 
Number  of  Union  soldiers  of  civil  war — 153,576. 
State  Flower — Corn. 
Capital — Indianapolis. 
Number  of  representatives — 12. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 14. 
Mississippi.    Admitted  as  the  20th  State  in  1817  during 

Monroe 's  administration. 
Area — 46,810  square  miles. 
First  Settlement— by  French  at  Natchez— 1716. 
Origin  of  Name — Indian — "Great  River." 
Mississippi  is  sometimes  called  the  "Bayou  State. " 
The  territory  comprised  within  the  boundaries  of 

the  state  as  well  as  of  Alabama  was  ceded  by 

South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
Capital — Jackson. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  for  Civil  war — 545. 
Number  of  representatives — 8. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 10. 
Seceded  Jan.  9,  1861.     Readmitted  Feb.  3,  1870. 
Illinois.       Motto — "State     Sovereignty     and     National 

Union. " 
Admitted  as  the  21st  State  in  1818  during  Monroe's 

administration. 
Third  State  from  North  West  Territory. 


126  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Area — 56,650  square  miles. 

First  Settlement — by  French,  at  Kaskaskia — 1682. 
Origin  of  Name  is  uncertain. 
It  is  sometimes  called  the  "Prairie  State/' 
State  Flower — Kose. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  for  Civil  War— 214,133. 
Capital — Springfield. 
Number  of  representatives — 25. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 27. 
Alabama.    Admitted    in    1819    as    22nd    State    during 

Monroe 's  administration. 
Area — 52,250  square  miles. 

First  Settlement— by  French,  Mobile  Bay— 1702. 
Origin  and  Meaning  of  Name — from  the  Indian — 

meaning  "Here  we  rest.'7 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  for  Civil  War — 1,611. 
The  territory  comprised  within  the  boundaries  was 

ceded  by  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
Capital — Montgomery. 
Number  of  representatives — 9. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 11. 
Seceded  Jan.  11,  1861.     Readmitted  June  11,  1868. 

Maine,     Motto—' ' Dirigo. "    "I  direct. ' ' 

Admitted  as  23rd  state  in  1820  during  Monroe's 

administration. 
Area — 3,340  square  miles. 
First  settlement  by  English  at  Pemiquid — 1625. 


TO    THE    TEACHING   OP    CIVICS  127 

Meaning  of  the  name — ' '  The  Main  Land. ' ' 

It  is  often  called  "The  Pine  Tree  State. " 

Formerly  belonged  to  Massachusetts. 

Number  of  soldiers  for  Union  Army — 56,776. 

State  Flower — Pine  Cone  and  Tassel. 

Capital — Augusta. 

Number  of  representatives — 4. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 6. 

Missouri.  Motto — "Salus  populi  suprema  lex  esto." 
"Let  the  safety  of  the  People  be  the  highest 
law." 

Admitted  as  24th  State  during  Monroe 's  adminis- 
tration in  1821. 

Area — 69,145  square  miles. 

Territory  came  from  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 

Number   of  Union   soldiers   for   the   Civil   War — 
86,530. 

First  settlement  by  French,  Jefferson  City — 1719. 

Meaning  of  the  name — Indian — "Muddy  River." 

Capital — Jefferson  City. 

Number  of  representatives — 16. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 18. 

Arkansas.     Motto  —  "Regnant    populi."    "The    people 

rule." 
Admitted  in  1836  in  Jackson's  administration  as 

25th  State. 
Territory  obtained  by  Louisiana  Purchase. 


128  PRACTICAL    AIDS 

Area — 53,850  square  miles. 

First  Settlement— Little  Eock  by  French— 1690. 
Name  of  Indian  origin. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  for  Civil  War— 7,836. 
Arkansas  is  known  as  "The  Bear  State." 
Capital — Little  Rock. 

Seceded  May  6,  1861.     Readmitted  June  20,  1868. 
Number  of  representatives — 7. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 9. 
Michigan.     Motto — "Si     quaeris     peninsulam     amoenam, 

circumspice. "    "If  you  are  seeking  a  beautiful 

peninsula  look  around. 1 ' 
Admitted  in  1837  during  Jackson's  administration 

as  26th  State. 

State  taken  from  North  West  Territory. 
First  Settlement — by  French  at  Mackinaw,  1690. 
Called  "The  Wolverine  State.'* 
Origin  of  name — Indian. 
State  flower — Apple  Blossom. 
Number  of  Union  soldiers  for  Civil  War — 80,111. 
Capital — Lansing. 
Number  of  representatives — 12. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 14. 
Florida.     Motto— "In  God  we  trust." 

Admitted   as   27th   State   in   1845   during   Tyler's 

administration. 
Area — 58,680  square  miles. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  129 

First  Settlement — by  Spanish  at  St.  Augustine  in 

1569. 
Territory  was  ceded  to  United  States  by  Spain  in 

1819. 

Called  "The  Peninsula  State." 
Number  of  soldiers  (Union)  for  Civil  War— 1,290. 
Name — Spanish  adjective  for  flowery. 
Pascua  Florida — Flowery  Easter. 
Discovery  of  Florida  by  Ponce  De  Leon  on  Easter 

Day. 

Capital — Tallahasse. 
Seceded  January  11,  1861.     Readmitted  June  11, 

1868. 

Number  of  representatives — 3. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 5. 
Texas.     Admitted  as  28th  State  in  1845  during  Polk's 

administration. 
Area — 265,780  square  miles. 
First    Settlement — San   Antonio — by   Spaniards — 

in  1692. 

On  coast  by  the  French  in  1692. 
Number  of  Union  soldiers  in  Civil  War — 1,632. 
Sometimes  called  "The  Lone  Star  State." 
The  territory  was  acquired  by  annexation. 
Origin  of  name  is  uncertain. 
State  Flower — Blue  Bonnet. 
Capital — Austin. 


130  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Number  of  representatives — 16. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 18. 
Seceded  February  1,  1861.    Readmitted  March  15, 
1870. 

Iowa.     Motto — "Our  liberties  we  prize  and  our  rights  we 

will  maintain." 
Admitted   in   1864   as   29th   State   during  Folk's 

administration. 

Territory  acquired  by  Louisiana  Purchase. 
Area — 56,025  square  miles. 

First  Settlement — Americans,  at  Dubuque  in  1830. 
Known  as  the  "Hawkeye  State." 
Origin  of  the  name  is  uncertain. 
State  flower— Wild  Rose. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  for  the  civil  war — 68,630. 
Capital — Des  Moines  is  of  Indian  origin. 
Number  of  representatives — 11. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 13. 

Wisconsin.     Motto — ' '  Forward. ' ' 

Admitted  in  1848  as  the  30th  State  during  Folk's 
administration. 

Territory  including  all  that  remained  of  North 
West  Territory, — Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois  and 
Michigan  having  already  been  formed  from  it. 

It  is  sometimes  called  "The  Badger  State." 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  131 

Origin    of    name    Indian — meaning,     "  gathering 

waters/' 

First  Settlement — by  French  at  Green  Bay  in  1669. 
Number   of  Union   soldiers   for  the   Civil   War — 

79,260. 

Capital — Madison. 
Area — 54,450  square  miles. 
Number  of  representatives — 11. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 13. 

California.     Motto—' ' Eureka. ' '    "I  have  found  it. ' ' 

Admitted  in  1850  as  31st  State  under  Taylor  and 

Fillmore. 

Territory  obtained  by  treaty  with  Mexico. 
Area — 158,360  square  miles. 
First  Settlement — Spanish — San  Diego  in  1769. 
Number  of  soldiers  for  the  Civil  War — 15,725. 
Origin  of  name — Spanish. 
Known  as,  "The  Golden  State. " 
State    Flower  — ' '  California    Poppy ' '— ' '  Copa    de 

Oro." 

Number  of  representatives — 8. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 10. 

Minnesota.     Motto— ' ' L 'Etoile  du  Nord. "    "The  Star  of 

the  North." 

Admitted     as    the     32d    state    in     1858,     under 
Buchanan 's  administration. 


132  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Territory  in  part  from  N.  W.   Territory  and  in 

part  from  Louisiana  purchase. 
Area — 83,365  square  miles. 
First   Settlement — Indian — meaning   ' '  sky-colored 

water. ' ' 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  in  the  Civil  War — 19,693. 
Known  sometimes  as  ''The  North  Star  State. " 
State  Flower — Moccasin-flower. 
Capital— St.  Paul. 
Number  of  representatives — 9. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 11. 
Oregon.     Motto — "Alis  volat  propriis."    "She  flies  with 

her  own  wings. " 
Admitted    during    Buchanan's    administration    in 

1859,  as  the  33d  State.     By  treaty  with  Great 

Britain  this  territory  came  into  the  possession 

of  the  United  States. 
Area — 96,030  square  miles. 
Settled  by  Americans  at  Astoria  in  1811. 
Sometimes  called  "The  Sunset  State. " 
Origin  of  name — Indian,  meaning  "River  of  the 

West." 

State  Flower — Golden  Rod. 
Capital — Salem. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  in  Civil  War — 1,773. 
Number  of  representatives — 2. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 4. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  133 

Kansas.     Motto — "Ad  astra  per  aspera."    "To  the  stars 

by  rugged  ways." 
Admitted  during  Buchanan 's  Administration  as  the 

34th  State. 

Territory  acquired  by  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 
Area — 32,080  square  miles. 
First  settled  by  Americans  at  Atchison  in  1854. 
Name    is    of    Indian    origin,    meaning    "Smoky 

Waters." 

Sometimes  called  "The  Jay  Hawker  State." 
Capital — Topeka. 
Number  of  representatives — 8. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 10. 
Number  of  Union  soldiers  in  Civil  War — 18,706. 

West  Virginia.  Motto  —  "Montani  semper  liberi." 
"Mountaineers  are  always  free." 

35th  State,  admitted  under  Lincoln's  Administra- 
tion. 

Territory  taken  from  Virginia. 

Sometimes  called  "The  Panhandle  State." 

Number  of  Union  Soldiers  in  Civil  War— 27,714. 

Area — 24,780  square  miles. 

Settled  by  English. 

Capital — Wheeling. 

Number  of  representatives — 5. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 7. 


134  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Nevada.     Motto — "Volens    et    potens."     "Willing    and 

able." 

36th  State,  admitted  in  1864  during  Lincoln's  ad- 
ministration. 

Settled  by  Americans — 1850. 

Area — 110,700  square  miles. 

Origin  and  meaning  of  name — ' c  Snowy  Mountains. ' ' 
Called  the  "Silver  State."    Also  "The  Sage  Hen 
State." 

Territory  acquired  by  treaty  with  Mexico  at  end 
of  Mexican  War. 

Number  of  Union  Soldiers  in  Civil  War — 1,080. 

State  Flower — Sun  Flower. 

Capital — Carson  City. 

Number  of  representatives — 1. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 3. 

Nebraska.     37  State,  admitted  during  Johnson's  Admin- 
istration in  1837. 

Motto — "Popular  Sovereignty." 

Area — 77,500  square  miles. 

Settled  at  Omaha  by  Americans  in  1847. 

Territory  was  acquired  by  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 

Meaning  of  Name — "Shallow  Water"  (referring  to 
the  Platte  Eiver). 

Number  of  Union  Soldiers  in  Civil  War — 2,175. 

State  Flower— Golden  Rod. 

Capital— Lincoln, 


TO    THE    TEACHING   OP    CIVICS  135 

Number  of  representatives — 6. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 8. 

Colorado.  38th  State — admitted  during  Grant 's  Adminis- 
tration in  1876. 

Motto — "Nil  sine  numine."  "Nothing  without 
the  Divinity." 

Is  known  as  the  "Centennial  State." 

Area — 103,925  square  miles. 

First  settled  in  1858  in  Denver. 

Meaning  of  Name — "Bed." 

Territory  came  in  part  from  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
and  in  part  by  treaty  with  Mexico. 

Number  of  Union  Soldiers  in  Civil  War— 3,697. 

State  Flower — Columbine. 

Capital — Denver. 

Number  of  representatives — 3. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 5. 

North  Dakota.  39th  State— admitted  1889  during  Har- 
rison 's  administration. 

Area — 70,795  square  miles. 

Territory  from  Louisiana  Purchase. 

Meaning  of  Name — ' '  The  Allies, ' '  sometimes  called 
"The  Sioux  State." 

State  Flower— Golden  Rod. 

Capital — Bismarck. 

Number  of  Union  Soldiers  in  civil  war — 206. 


136  PRACTICAL    AIDS 

This  is  from  territory  of  Dakota  before  divided 
into  North  and  South. 

Number  of  representatives — 2. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 4. 

State  Flower — The  "Wild  Rose. 

Motto — "Liberty  and  Union,  Now  and  Forever." 
South  Dakota.     40th  State. 

Admitted  1889 — Harrison's  administration. 

First  settled  by  Americans  at  Yankton  in  1849. 

Area — 77,650  miles  square. 

State  Flower — Anemone  (Pasque  flower). 

Capital — Pierre. 

Territory  from  Louisiana  Purchase. 

Sometimes  called  the  "Coyote  State, "  also  "Sun- 
shine State." 

Number  of  representatives — 2. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 4. 

Motto— "Under  God,  the  people  rule." 
Montana.    41st  State. 

Admitted  1889,  Harrison's  administration. 

Territory  from  Louisiana  Purchase. 

Area — 146,080  square  miles. 

Settled  by  Americans  at  Helena  in  1861. 

Meaning  of  name — Mountainous. 

State  flower — Bitter  Root. 

Motto— "Oro  y  Plata." 

Capital — Helena. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  137 

Number  of  representatives — 1. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 3. 
Washington.    42nd  State. 

Admitted  1889,  Harrison's  administration. 

Territory  gained  by  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

First  settled  at  Twin  Water,  in  1845,  by  Americans. 

Area — 69,180  square  miles. 

Capital — Olympia. 

Number  of  Union  soldiers  in  civil  war — 964. 

State  Flower — Ehododendron. 

Number  of  representatives — 3. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 5. 
Wyoming.    43rd  State. 

Admitted  during  Harrison's  administration  in  1890. 

Territory  came  in  part  from  Louisiana  purchase 
and  in  part  from  Mexico. 

Area — 97,890  square  miles. 

Settled  at  Cheyenne  by  Americans  in  1867. 

Capital — Cheyenne. 

Meaning  of  name — Broad  Valley  (Indian). 

Number  of  representatives — 1. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 3. 
Idaho.    44th  State. 

Admitted  1890,  Harrison's  administration. 

Territory  acquired  by  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

Area — 84800  square  miles. 

First  settled  by  Americans  in  or  about  1862. 


138  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

State  Flower — Syringa. 
Motto — "Esto  perpetua." 
Capital — Boise  City. 
Origin  of  name — Indian. 
Meaning  of  name — Diadem  of  the  mountains. 
Number  of  representatives — 1.     Number  of  presi- 
dential electors — 3. 

Utah.    45th  State. 

Admitted  in  1896  during  Cleveland's  Adminis- 
tration. 

Territory  came  by  treaty  with  Mexico. 
Area  84970  square  miles. 
First  settled  near  Salt  Lake  City. 
Indian  meaning — ' '  Mountain  House. ' ' 
State  Flower— The  Sego  Lily. 
Number  of  representatives — 1. 
Number  of  presidential  electors — 3. 

Oklahoma.    46th  State. 

Signifies  in  Cherokee — "Home  of  the  Red  Man." 

Admitted  in  1907  during  Roosevelt's  adminis- 
tration. 

Area  39030  square  miles. 

First  settled  by  Americans  at  Guthrie,  settled  by 
Spanish  earlier. 

Territory  part  of  Louisiana  Purchase. 

State  flower — the  Mistletoe. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  139 

Capital — Guthrie. 

Number  of  representatives — 5. 

Number  of  presidential  electors — 7. 

Total  [Representatives    391 

Total  Senators   92 

Total  Electors 483 

This  is  for  1908.  After  1910  a  new  basis  of  representa- 
tion will  be  taken  and  the  numbers  of  representatives  and 
electors  will  be  changed.  There  are  two  additional  sena- 
tors for  each  new  State  admitted. 


CHAPTER  XVIII 
DATA  WITH  BEFEBENCE  TO  OUB  PBESIDENTS 

1.  George  Washington. 

Born  in  Virginia  in  1732,  died  1799,  aged  67. 

Term  of  office  8  years,  from  1789,  1797. 

Elected  by  the  whole  people. 

Vice  President — John  Adams  of  Massachusetts. 

Secretary  of  State — Thomas  Jefferson  of  Virginia. 
Edmund  Randolph  of      " 
Timothy  Pickering  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

2.  John  Adams. 

Born  in  Massachusetts  in  1735,  died  in  1826 — aged  91. 

Term  of  office  4  years,  from  1797  to  1801. 

Elected  by  the  Federalists. 

Vice  President — Thomas  Jefferson  of  Virginia. 

Timothy  Pickering  of  Pennsylvania* 
Secretary  of  State — John  Marshall  of  Virginia. 
3.    Thomas  Jefferson. 

Born  in  Virginia  in  1751,  died  1826,  aged  75. 
Term  of  office  8  years,  from  1801  to  1809. 
Elected  by  the  Anti-federalists  or  Democrats. 
Vice  President — Aaron  Burr  of  New  York. 

•George  Clinton  of  New  York. 
Secretary  of  State — James  Madison  of  Virginia. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  141 

4.  James  Madison. 

Born  in  Virginia  in  1751 — died  in  1836 — aged  85. 
Term  of  office— 8  years— from   1809   to   1817. 
Elected  by  Anti-federalists  or  Democrats. 
Vice  President — George  Clinton  of  New  York. 

Elbridge  Gerry  of  Massachusetts. 
Secretary  of  State — Robert  Smith  of  Maryland. 
»    James  Monroe  of  Virginia. 

5.  James  Monroe. 

Born  in  Virginia  in  1758 — died  in  1831 — aged  73. 
Term  of  office  eight  years— 1817  to  1825. 
Elected  by  Anti-federalists  or  Democrats. 
Vice  President — Daniel  D.  Tompkins  of  New  York. 
Secretary  of  State — John  Quincy  Adams  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

6.  John  Quincy  Adams. 

Born  in  Massachusetts  in  1767 — died  in  1848 — aged  81. 

Term  of  office — 4  years— 1825  to  1829. 

Elected  by  House  of  Eepresentatives. 

Vice  President — John  C.  Calhoun  of  South  Carolina. 

Secretary  of  State — Henry  Clay  of  Kentucky. 

7.  Andrew  Jackson. 

State — Tennessee. 

Born  1767— died  1845— aged  78. 

Term  of  office— 8  years,  from  1829  to  1837. 

Elected  by  Democrats. 


142  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Vice  Presidents — John  C.  Calhoun  of  South  Carolina. 

•Martin  Van  Buren  of  New  York. 
Secretary  of  State— Martin  Van  Buren,  1829  to  1831. 
Edw.    Livingston    of   Delaware, 

1831  to  1833. 
John  Forsythe  of  Georgia. 

8.  Martin  Van  Buren. 
State— New  York. 

Born— 1782 — died  1862— aged  80. 

Term  of  office  4  years— from  1837  to  1841. 

Elected  by  Democrats. 

Vice  President — Richard  M.  Johnson  of  Kentucky. 

Secretary  of  State — John  Forsythe  of  Georgia. 

9.  Wm.  Henry  Harrison. 

State— Ohio. 

Born  1773— died  1841— aged  68. 

Term  of  office— 1  month— March  4,  1841,  to  April  4, 

1841. 

Elected  by  Whigs. 

Vice  President — John  Tyler  of  Virginia. 
Secretary  of  State — Daniel  Webster. 

10.    John  Tyler. 

State — Virginia. 

Born  1790— died  1862— aged  72. 
Term  of  office — 3  years  11  months — April  4,  1841,  to 
March  4,  1845. 


TO   THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  143 

Elected  Vice  President — succeeded  to  Presidency  on 

death  of  Harrison. 
Vice  President — 
Secretary  of  State — Daniel  Webster,  Mass.,  1841  to 

1843. 

Hugh  Legare,  South  Carolina. 
Abel  P.  Upshur,  Virginia,  1843- 
1844. 

J.  C.  Calhoun,  1844-1845. 

11.  James  K.  Polk. 

State — Tennessee. 

Born  1795 — died  1849— aged  54. 

Term  of  office — 4  years  from  1845  to  1849. 

Elected  by  Democrats. 

Vice  President — Geo.  M.  Dallas  of  Pennsylvania. 

Secretary  of  State — James  Buchanan  of  Pennsylvania. 

12.  Zachary  Taylor. 
State — Louisiana. 
Born  1784— died  1850. 

Term  of  office — 1  year  4  months  5  days — from  March 

4,  1849,  to  July  9,  1850. 
Elected  by  Whigs. 
Vice  President — Millard  Pillmore  of  New  York. 

a  ,  0 ,          -Danl.  Webster  of  Mass. 

Secretary  of  State- 
John  M.  Clayton  of  Delaware. 

13.  Millard  Fillmore.— became  President  upon  the  death 

of  Taylor.      State— New  York. 


144  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Born  1800— died  1874r-aged  74. 

Term  of  office — 2  years,  7  months,  25  days  from  July  9, 

1850,  to  March  4,  1853. 
Elected  by  Whigs. 
Vice  President — 

,  0.       (Daniel  Webster. 
Secretary  of  State  \ 

1  Edward  Everett. 

14.  Franklin  Pierce. 

State — New  Hampshire. 

Born  1804— died  1869,  age  65. 

Term  of  office — 4  years,  from  1853  to  1857. 

Elected  by  Democrats. 

Vice  President — Wm.  E.  King  of  Alabama. 

Secretary  of  State — Wm.  L.  Marcy  of  New  York. 

15.  James  Buchanan. 
State — Pennsylvania. 
Born— 1791,  died  1868,  aged  77. 
Term  of  office — 4  years,  1857  to  1861. 
Elected  by  Democrats. 

Vice  President — John  C.  Breckenbridge  of  Kentucky. 
Secretary  of  State — Lewis  Cass  of  Michigan. 

Jeremiah  S.  Black  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

16.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
State — Illinois. 

Born  Kentucky  1809,  died  1865,  aged  56. 
Term  of  office — 4  years,  1  month,  10  days. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  145 

Elected  by  Eepublicans. 

Vice  President — Hannibal  Hamlin  of  Maine. 

Andrew  Johnson  of  Tennessee. 
Secretary  of  State — Wm.  H.  Seward  of  New  York. 

17.  Andrew  Johnson. 

State — Tennessee. 

Born  1808,  died  1875,  aged  67. 

Term  of  office — 3  years,  10  months,  20  days — 1865- 

1869. 
Elected  Vice  President  by  Republicans — succeeded  to 

the  Presidency  on  the  death  of  Lincoln. 
Vice  President — 
Secretary  of  State — Wm.  H.  Seward  of  New  York. 

18.  Ulysses  S.  Grant. 
State — Illinois. 

Born  1822,  died  1885,  aged  63. 

Term  of  office— 8  years,  from  1869-1877. 

Elected  by  Republicans. 

Vice  President — Schuyler  Colfax  of  Indiana. 

Henry  Wilson  of  Massachusetts. 
Secretary  of  State — Hamilton  Fish  of  New  York. 
Elihu  B.  Washburn. 

19.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes. 

Born  1822,  died  1893,  aged  71. 
Term  of  office— 4  years,  1877  to  1881. 
Elected  by  Republicans. 


146  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

Vice  President — William  A.  Wheeler  of  New  York. 
Secretary  of  State — William  M.  Evarts  of  New  York. 

20.  James  A.  Garfield. 
State— Ohio. 

Born  1831,  died  1881,  aged  50. 

Term  of  office — 6  months  15  days — March  4,  1881,  to 

September  19,  1881. 
Elected  by  the  Republicans. 

Vice  President — Chester  A.  Arthur  of  New  York. 
Secretary  of  State — James  G.  Elaine,  Maine. 

21.  Chester  A.  Arthur. 
State— New  York. 

Born  1830,  died  1886,  aged  56. 

Term — 3  years  5  months  15  days — September  19, 1881- 

March  4,  1885. 
Elected  Vice  President  and  succeeded  to  Presidency 

on  the  death  of  Garfield. 
Vice  President — 
Secretary  of  Stale — F.  T.  Frelinghuysen,  New  Jersey. 

22.  Grover  Cleveland. 
State— New  York. 

Born— 1837 — died  1908 — aged  71. 

Term  of  office — 4  years,  from  1885  to  1889. 

Elected  by  the  Democrats. 

Vice  President — Thomas  A.  Hendricks  of  Indiana. 

Secretary  of  State — Thos.  F.  Bayard — Delaware. 


TO    THE    TEACHING   OF    CIVICS  147 

23.  Benjamin  Harrison. 

State — Indiana. 

Born— 1833— died  1801  aged  68. 
Term  of  office— 4  years— 1889-1893. 
Elected  by  Republicans. 
Vice  President — Levi  P.  Morton  of  New  York. 
Secretary  of  State — James  G.  Elaine. 
-John  W.  Foster. 

24.  Grover  Cleveland. 
State— New  York. 

Born— 1837— died— 1908— aged  71. 
Term  of  office— 4  years— 1893  to  1897. 
Elected  by  the  Democrats. 
Vice  President — Adlai  Stevenson  of  Illinois. 
Secretary  of  State — Walter  Q.  Gresham. 
<  -Richard  Olney. 

25.  Wm.  McKinley. 
State— Ohio. 

Born— 1843— died  1901— aged  58. 

Term   of   office — 4   years   6   months   10   days — from 

March  4,  1897  to  September  14,  1901. 
Elected  by  Republicans. 

Vice  President — Garret  A.  Hobart  of  New  Jersey. 
Theodore  Roosevelt  of  New  York. 
Secretary  of  State — John  Sherman. 
Wm.  R.  Day 
•John  Hay. 


148  PRACTICAL    AIDS 

26.  Theodore  Roosevelt. 

State  of  New  York. 

Born— 1858— died 

Term — 7  years  5  months  20  days — from  September  14, 

1901  to  March  4,  1909. 
Elected  Vice  President  and  succeeded  to  presidency 

on  death  of  McKinley. — Elected  president  direct 

and  inaugurated  March  4,  1909. 
Vice  President — Charles  W.  Fairbanks  of  Indiana. 
Secretary  of  State — John  Hay. 
Elihu  Root. 

27.  Wm.  H.  Taft. 
State— Ohio. 
Born  1859. 

Term — Inaugurated  March  4,  1909 — Still  Serving. 

Elected  by  Republicans. 

Vice    President — James    Schoolcroft    Sherman — New 

York. 
Secretary  of  State — Philander  Knox — Pennsylvania. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  149 
SUMMABY 

The  following  is  the  number  of  Representatives  and 
Presidential  Electors  from  each  State,  1909.  After  the 
census  of  1910  the  number  of  each  will  be  changed. 

Pres. 
Eepresentatives    Electors 

Alabama 9  11 

Arkansas    7  9 

California 8  10 

Colorado 3  5 

Connecticut   5  7 

Delaware    1  3 

Florida 3  5 

Georgia 11  13 

Idaho    1  3 

Illinois 25  27 

Indiana 13  15 

Iowa   11  13 

Kansas    8  10 

Kentucky  11  13 

Louisiana  7  9 

Maine   4  6 

Maryland 6  8 

Massachusetts    14  16 

Michigan    12  14 

Minnesota                         , 9  11 


150  PRACTICAL    AIDS 

Pres. 
Representatives    Electors 

Mississippi  8  10 

Missouri  16  18 

Montana 1  3 

Nebraska    6  8 

Nevada  1  3 

New  Hampshire  2  4 

New  Jersey  10  12 

New  York  37  39 

North  Carolina 10  12 

North  Dakota   2  4 

Ohio    21  23 

Oklahoma 5  7 

Oregon   2  4 

Pennsylvania 32  34 

Rhode  Island 1  3 

South  Carolina  7  9 

South  Dakota   2  4 

Tennessee 10  12 

Texas    16  18 

Utah   1  3 

Vermont 2  4 

Virginia   10  12 

Washington  3  5 

West  Virginia 5  7 

Wisconsin    11  1J 

Wyoming  1  3 

391  483 


GENEEAL    QUESTIONS    FOE   EEVIEW 

1.  When  does  Congress  meet? 

2.  When  does  the  short  session  close? 

3.  The  congress  which  meets  on  the  first  Monday  in  December, 

1909,  is  61st  Congress.     How  is  this  reckoned? 

4.  How  are  representatives   chosen?     For  what  term?     Salary? 

Mileage? 

5.  How   are   United   States   Senators   chosen?     For  what   term? 

Salary?     Mileage? 

6.  Qualifications  for  a  United  States  Senator. 

7.  Qualifications  for  a  Eepresentative. 

8.  How  are  vacancies  in  each  filled? 

9.  What  provision  for  taking  the  census? 

10.  Under  what  department  is  the  census  bureau? 

11.  When  was  the  first  census  taken? 

12.  How  often  since  then? 

13.  When  was  the  last  census  taken? 

14.  What  does  the  "census"  include? 

15.  What  is  meant  by  " basis  of  representation"?     What  was  it 

at  first? 

16.  What  is  the  basis  of  representation  now? 

17.  How  many  representatives  are  there  now  (1909)  ? 

18.  Who  presides  over  the  House  of  Eepresentatives  ? 

19.  Who  presides  over  the  Senate? 

20.  Which  body  may  impeach  a  civil  officer? 

21.  What  is  meant  by  "Civil  Service"? 

22.  What  other  than  civil  officers  are  there? 

23.  How  are  these  other  officers  tried? 

24.  What  body  tries  a  civil  officer  of  the  United  States  when  he  is 

impeached? 


152  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

25.  Explain  process  of  preparing  charges  in  case  of  impeachment. 

26.  Explain  about  the  trial  of  a  person  who  has  been  impeached. 

27.  Into  what  classes  are  United  States  Senators  divided  by  the 

Constitution? 

28.  Why! 

29.  Why  was  the  legislative  department  organized  by  having  two 

houses? 

30.  Difference  between  oath  and  affirmation? 

31.  Who   presides   when   the   President    of   the   United   States   is 

impeached? 

32.  How  many  are  required  to  convict? 

33.  What  is  the  limit  of  penalty  that  may  follow  conviction? 

34.  To  what  further  punishment  may  an  impeached  party  be  liable? 

35.  What  is  meant  by  a  quorum? 

36.  How  many  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business? 

37.  What  may  a  smaller  number  do? 

38.  How  may  a  member  be  expelled? 

39.  When  must  "Yeas  and  nays"  be  called? 

40.  Define  Treason. 

41.  Define  Felony — United  States  law — California  law. 

42.  Where  do  bills  for  raising  revenue  originate? 

43.  Why? 

44.  Explain  how  a  bill  may  become  a  law?- 

45.  What  is  a  veto? 

46.  What  is  a  pocket  veto? 

47.  For  what  six  purposes  was  the  Constitution  established?     (See 

preamble.) 

48.  When  did  the  Constitutional  Convention  meet?    Where?     How 

many  delegates? 

49.  How  long  were  they  in  session? 

50.  When  was  the  Constitution  adopted  by  Convention? 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OP    CIVICS  153 

51.  When  did  it  go  into  effect? 

52.  What  are  Duties'?     Imposts?     Excises? 

53.  How  may  the  United  States  borrow  money? 

54.  What  is  naturalization? 

55.  Explain  how  a  foreigner  may  be  naturalized? 

56.  Is  there  a  United  States  bankrupt  law  in  force  now? 

57.  What  is  counterfeiting? 

58.  What  is  a  Clearing  House? 

59.  Difference  between  currency  and  coin. 

60.  What  is  the  complete  power  of  congress  under  modern  con- 

ditions with  regard  to  post-offices  and  post-roads? 

61.  What  is  a  patent? 

62.  What  is  a  copy  right? 

63.  How  may  either  be  obtained?     For  how  long  a  time? 

64.  What  is  a  trade-mark? 

65.  What  is  a  caucus? 

66.  How  was  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  established? 

67.  How  may  inferior  Courts  be  established? 

68.  What  is  piracy? 

69.  What  are  the  "High  Seas"? 

70.  What  are  "letters  of  marque  and  reprisal? 

71.  Are  these  issued  now  by  civilized  nations? 

72.  Who  constitute  the  militia? 

73.  When    does    the    militia    become    subject    to    United    States 

authority? 

74.  National  Guard  of  California? 

75.  How  are  officers  of  the  Militia  appointed? 

76.  What  are  some  of  the  places  in  any  State  over  which  Congress 

has  exclusive  control? 

77.  Mention  three  places  in  California. 

78.  What  is  an  "ex  post  facto "  law? 


154  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

79.  What  is  a  "bill  of  attainder  I" 

80.  What  is  a  "Writ  of  Habeas  Corpus !M 

81.  What  is  a  capitation  or  poll  tax! 

82.  What  is  a  direct  tax? — an  income  tax! 

83.  What  is  a  property  tax? 

84.  What  compromises  on  the  question  of  Slavery  are  found  in 

the  Constitution? 

85.  What  is  meant  by  " Clearance"  of  a  vessel? 

86.  What  is  meant  by  the  " Entrance "  of  a  vessel? 

87.  What  about  titles  of  nobility? 

88.  Mention   some   other   restrictions   placed   upon   the   power    of 

Congress. 

89.  Mention  the  restrictions  placed  upon  the  States. 

90.  What  is  meant  by  State  Eights? 

91.  Qualifications  for  President  or  Vice  President. 

92.  How  many  presidential  electors  from  each  state? — from  Cali- 

fornia? 

93.  When  and  where  do  these  electors  vote  for  President  or  Vice 

President? 

94.  Where  are  these  votes  counted? — When? — by  whom! 

95.  How  many  copies  of  the  returns  are  made? 

96.  What  is  done  with  these  copies? 

97.  In  case  of  removal  of  Vice-President  what  provision  for  suc- 

cession to  office  of  President? 

98.  Salary  of  President. 

99.  Give  Presidential  Oath  of  office. 

100.  When  is  the  President  Commander-in-chief  of  the  Militia? 

101.  How  many  executive  departments  now? 

102.  Name  them. 

103.  How  many  were  there  at  first? 

104.  Which  were  they? 


TO   THE    TEACHING   OF    CIVICS  155 

105.  What  is  the  difference  between  a  reprieve  and  a  pardon? 

106.  How  are  treaties  made! 

107.  What  officers  are  appointed  by  the  President  and  confirmed 

by  the  Senate? 

108.  What  provision  for  the  appointment  of  the  officers? 

109.  What  about  extra  sessions  of  Congress? 

110.  In  what  respects  were  tf  Articles  of  Confederation "  unsatis- 

factory? 

111.  Mention   the   names   of   four   celebrated   men   who   helped   to 

frame  the  Constitution. 

112.  What  was  the  Treaty  of  Paris  1763?    What  war  did  it  end? 

113.  What  was  the  Treaty  of  Paris  1783?    What  war  did  it  end? 

114.  Louisiana  Purchase? 
115     Gadsden  Purchase? 

116.  How  was  Florida  gained? 

117.  Purchase  of  Alaska? 

118.  What  States  were  formed  from  North  West  Territory? 

119.  Annexation  of  Texas? 

120.  Annexation  of  Hawaii? 

121.  What  is  an  executive  session? 

122.  What  is  a  joint  session? 

123.  Does   the    House   of   Representatives   ever   meet   in   executive 

session? 

124.  Difference  between  an  Ambassador  and  a  Minister? 

125.  What  United  States  Courts  have  been  established  by  Congress? 

126.  What  about  Supreme  Court?     How  many  Judges?     Salaries — 

term  of  office. 

127.  How  many  Circuit  Courts? 

128.  How  many  Circuit  Judges? 

129.  Who  presides  over  the  Circuit  Court? 

130.  What  is  term  of  office  of  Circuit  Judge?     Salary,  etc. 


156  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

131.  How  many  District  Courts? 

132.  How  many  Districts  Judges? 

133.  Term  of  office  of  District  Judge?     Salary? 

134.  Court  of  Appeals. 

135.  Courts  of  Claims. 

136.  How  are  all  these  Judges  appointed? 

137.  What  is  meant  by  the  original  jurisdiction? 

138.  What  is  meant  by  the  appellate  jurisdiction? 

139.  In  what  cases  does  Supreme  Court  have  original  jurisdiction? 

140.  To  what  cases  does  the  judicial  power  of  the  United  States 

extend? 

141.  What  provision  for  < '  trial  by  jury  ?  " 

142.  Where  must  the  trial  be  held! 

143.  Where  and  when  must  trial  be  held,  when  not  committed  in 

any  State? 

144.  What  is  treason?    What  is  the  penalty? 

145.  How  may  a  person  be  convicted  of  treason? 

146.  What  is  corruption  of  blood? 

147.  How  are  the  acts  and  records  of  a  court  made  authentic? 

148.  What  is  an  Extradition  Treaty? 

149.  When   a   criminal   escapes   to   another   state   how  may   he   be 

brought  to  trial? 

150.  Give  section  about  the  formation  and  admission  of  new  states. 

151.  How  are  individual  states  protected  from  invasion? 

152.  When   does   the   General   Government   protect   the   state   from 

domestic  violence? 

153.  What  is  meant  by  "Eminent  Domain?'* 

154.  What  was  "Squatter  Sovereignty?" 

155.  Explain  how  the  Constitution  may  be  amended. 

156.  What  is  the  supreme  law  of  the  land? 

157.  What  officers  are  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  the 

Constitution  of  the  United  States? 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  157 

158.  What  about  religious  tests! 

159.  What  was  date  of  signing  of  the  Constitution  by  the  degelates? 

160.  Who  was  president  of  the  Convention? 

161.  What  is  a  search-warrant? 

162.  Explain  how  a  search-warrant  is  obtained? 

163.  What  is  the  difference  between  a  civil  and  a  criminal  suit? 

164.  In  what  civil  suits  may  the  accused  demand  a  jury  trial? 

165.  What  is  bail? 

166.  Explain  about  the  Missouri  Compromise. 

167.  What  is  an  indictment? 

168.  What  is  provision  with  regard  to  indictments  by  Grand  Jury? 

169.  What  is  a  Grand  Jury? 

170.  What  is  a  trial  Jury? 

171.  What  way  of  settling  disputes  other  than  by  trial? 

172.  What  is  meant  by  Arbitration? 

173.  What  were  the  "Alabama  Claims?" 

174.  How  were  they  settled? 

175.  How  many  United  States  Senators  are  there  now? 

176.  How  many  representatives  are  there  now? 

177.  How  many  Presidential  Electors? 

178.  What  is  the  difference  between  a  plurality  and  a  majority? 

179.  What  was  the  "Ordinance  of  1787? " 

180.  What  states  were  organized  from  the  Northwest  Territory? 

181.  What  was  the  "Wilmot  Proviso  ?" 

182.  What  was  the  Compromise  of  1850?     Omnibus  Bill? 

183.  What  is  a  Compromise? 

184.  Outline  briefly  the  territorial  expansion  of  the  United  States. 

185.  How     are     the     committees     appointed     in     the     House     of 

Eepresentatives? 

186.  How  in  the  Senate? 

187.  What  can  you  say  of  the  power  of  the  Speaker? 


158  PRACTICAL.    AIDS 

188.  Why  is  the  presiding  officer  called  the  Speaker? 

189.  What  was  the  "Electoral  Commission ?" 

190.  Who  were  the  "  Carpet-baggers  I" 

191.  What    do    you    mean    by    "Reconstruction"    as    applied    to 

Southern  States? 

192.  How  is  the  right  to  a  seat  in  either  house  of  Congress  deter- 

mined in  case  of  a  contest? 

193.  When  must  the  first  vote  for  United  States  Senator  be  taken? 

194.  How?     (In  joint  session  or  separately?) 

195.  What  follows? 

196.  If  there  is  no  election  in  1st  ballot  in  joint  session,  what  is 

done? 

197.  When  and  where  does  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  meet 

regularly? 

198.  Can  a  citizen  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  vote  for  President? 

199.  How  is  District  of  Columbia  governed? 

200.  What  are  duties  of  United  States  Marshals? 

201.  What  are  duties  of  United  States  District  Attorneys? 

202.  What  authority  regulates  Suffrage  in  a  state? 

203.  How  is  choice  of  jurors  for  United  States  Courts  governed? 

204.  How  is  choice  of  jurors  for  State  Courts  governed? 

205.  What  is  Smuggling? 

206.  What  is  a  Custom  House? 

207.  What  is  a  Port  of  Entry? 

208.  What  is  a  protective  Tariff? 

209.  What  is  a  Tariff  for  Eevenue  only? 

210.  What  can  you  say  about  Light-Houses? 

211.  What  was  the  "Critical  Period? " 

212.  Tell  about  the  "Freedmen's  Bureau. " 

213.  What  is  the  Smithsonian  Institute? 

214.  Locate  the  United  States  Mints. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OP    CIVICS  159 

215.  What  IB  meant  by  "delinquent  taxes " I 

216.  What  is  a  "Standing  Committee  "I 

217.  What  is  the  Interstate  Commerce  Act? 

218.  What  special  privileges  do  members  of  Congress  enjoy? 

219.  What    is    the    "long"    session    of    Congress!      The    " short " 

session  ! 

220.  In  what  way  does  the  organization  of  the  United  States  Senate 

differ  from  the  lower  house! 

221.  What  are  the  two  most  important  standing  committees  of  the 

House  ! 

222.  Which  confers  the  right  of  suffrage — the  State  or  the  nation! 

223.  How  is  the  State  tax  determined? 

224.  Describe,  in  full,  how  the  public  lands  of  the  U.  S.  are  divided 

by  ranges,  townships,  section  of  a  township,  etc. 

225.  In  what  way  does  a  bankrupt  law  benefit  a  creditor! 

226.  In  what  way  does  a  bankrupt  law  benefit  a  debtor? 

227.  What  is  the  highest  privilege  of  citizenship! 

228.  What  are  some  of  the  rights  of  the  accused  in  criminal  cases! 

229.  What  is  the  difference  between  a  case  in  law  and  a  case  in 

equity  ? 

230.  In  what  case  may  a  witness  refuse  to  answer  a  question! 

231.  What  was  "Mason  and  DixonV  Line?     When  established! 

232.  Give  an  account  of  the  Salem  Witchcraft. 

233.  Give  an  account  of  persecution  of  Quakers. 

234.  Fanueil  Hall. 

235.  Independence  Hall. 

236.  Origin  of  the  American  Flag!    What  was  it  at  first! 

237.  What  is  it  now!    What  does  each  part  stand  for! 

238.  What  is  meant  by  the  "Eight  of  Search "f 

239.  Who  negotiated  treaty   of   1783,   in  the  part  of  the  United 

States! 


160  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

240.  Why  was  the  House  of  Eepresentatives  created? 

241.  Did  Congress,  under  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  represent 

"The  People"  or  "The  States"? 

242.  What    had    Washington,    Madison,    Hamilton,    Jefferson    and 

Marshall  to   do  with  establishing  the  present  government? 

243.  When  and  where  was  Washington  inaugurated? 

244.  Who  administered  the  oath  of  office? 

245.  Compare  Articles  of  Confederation  with  our  present  Constitu- 

tion in  legislative,  executive  and  judicial  authority. 

246.  Is  there  any  other  power  higher  than  the  Constitution? 

247.  Mention  some  things  that  are  controlled  by  United  States  laws 

— and  others  that  are  controlled  by  State  laws. 

248.  What  is  "Free  Trade"? 

249.  What  officers  and  buildings  must  we  have  on  account  of  the 

tariff? 

250.  What  is  nullification? 

251.  What  is  bribery? 

252.  What  was  the  "Hartford  Convention"? 

253.  What  were  the  Kentucky  Resolutions?" 

254.  Tell  about  the  results  of  the  invention  of  the  "Cotton  Gin?" 

255.  Tell  about  the  results  of  the  invention  of  the  steamboat. 

256.  What  is  meant  by  the  "Spoils  System"? 

257.  "To  the  victors  belong  the  spoils" — explain. 

258.  What  is  meant  by  Ashburton  Treaty? 

259.  The  Mormons, — Origin  and  settlement  in  Utah. 

260.  When  are  compromises  desirable? 

261.  What  is  a  Compromise? 

262.  What  was  "The  Fugitive  Slave  Law"? 

263.  What  were  "Personal  Liberty  Bills"? 

264.  What  was  "Squatter  Sovereignty " ? 

265.  What  is  "Local  Option"? 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  161 

266.  What  is  "Dred  Scott  decision"? 

267.  What  was  "Lecompton  Constitution "  ? 

268.  What  about  the  "Underground  E.  B."? 

269.  What  was  the  "Credit  Mobilier"? 

270.  Who  were  the  "Mugwumps?" 

271.  What  is  "boycotting?" 

272.  What  is  meant  by  "Suspending  Specie  Payments"? 

273.  What     is  "Specie"? 

274.  What  gives  value  to  paper  money? 

275.  Are  Confederate  Bills  of  any  money  value  now? 

276.  Is  a  check  upon  a  bank,  money? 

277.  When  may  it  be  used  as  money? 

278.  What  is  a  certified  check? 

279.  What  is  a  Clearing  House? 

280.  Explain  how  it  does  business. 

281.  What  is  money? 

282.  What  presidents  have  died  in  office? 

283.  What  Vice-Presidents  have  become  presidents? 

284.  Mention  some  of  the  effects  that  have  come  from  modern  in- 

ventions such  as  the  telephone,  the  telegraph,  railroads,  etc. 

285.  What  was  the  "Charter  Oak?" 

286.  Who  were  the  Sons  of  Liberty?" 

287.  Who  were  the  "Minute  Men?" 

288.  Tell  about  the  Treaty  of  Ghent." 

289.  What  lands  were  included  in  "Gadsden  Purchase?" 

290.  What  were  the  steps  by  which  the  United  States  gained  per- 

fect title  to  the  Oregon-region? 

291.  What  is  a  "Gerrymander?"     Origin  of  term? 

292.  What  are  the  High  Seas?" 

293.  When  does  the  house  of  Eepresentatives  choose  a  president? 

294.  How? 


162  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

295.  Has  this  ever  been  done!    If  so,  when? 

296.  What  was  the  Electoral  Commission?" 

297.  What  is  Admiralty  jurisdiction? 

298.  What  is  a  "  Search- Warrant  ' '  ? 

299.  What  is  meant  by  the  "Initiative  and  Beferendum"? 

300.  Who  are  "Gold  Democrats?    Origin  of  title? 

301.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  "Free  Silver?" 

302.  Who  and  what  were  Contrabands? 

303.  What  is  known  as  the  "Era  of  Good  Feeling?" 

304.  What  was  Shay's  Eebellion? 

305.  When  are  presidential  Electors  chosen? 

306.  When  and  where  do  they  vote  for  President  and  Vice  President? 

307.  When,  where  and  by  whom  are  these  votes  counted? 

308.  How   many   territories   are   now   sending   a   delegate   each   to 


309.  What  about  "Bed  Cross  Society ?" 

310.  What  has  become  of  the  "Great  American  Desert?" 

311.  Who  were  the  "Bough  Biders?" 

312.  What  is  a  "Trust?" 

313.  What  were  the  "Blockade  Bunners?" 

314.  What  is  a  blockade? 

315.  What  is  a  quota? 

316.  What  is  a  "Draft"  as  applied  to  soldiers? 

317.  Where  are  the  United  States  Sub-treasuries  located? 

318.  What  was  the  "Natural  Boad?"    . 

319.  Who  was  citizen  Genet? 

320.  Who  is  known  as  "The  Pathfinder?" 

321.  Bacon's  Bebellion. 

322.  What  purpose  had  Oglethorpe  in  founding  a  colony  in  Georgia? 

323.  Tell  about  Lord  Baltimore. 

324.  John  Paul  Jones. 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OP    CIVICS  163 

325.  Give  history  of  the  United  States  Bank. 

326.  Who  was  " Old  Hickory"!    Why  so  called? 

327.  Aaron  Burr. 

328.  What  is  known  as  the  ' '  Trent  Affair » >  ? 

329.  What  was  "  privateering  " t 

330.  What  is  meant  by  "popular  government " ? 

331.  What  is  meant  by  an  "  Enacting  Clause  "f 

332.  Give  the  Enacting  Clause  of  California. 

333.  Give  the  Enacting  Clause  of  United  States  Congress. 

334.  What  is  the  difference  between  a  bill  and  an  act? 

335.  Give  the  original  of  the  term  "Bro.  Jonathan ". 

336.  Describe  the  Great  Seal  of  California. 

337.  What  is  the  use  of  the  United  States  Seal  or  of  the  State  Seal! 

338.  In  general  what  is  the  use  of  a  Seal? 

339.  Describe  the  Great  Seal  of  United  States. 

340.  What  is  a  notary  public! 

341.  Explain  how  District  of   Columbia  became   site   of  National 

Capital. 

342.  Area  at  first?     Area  now? 

343.  Explain  how  District  of  Columbia  is  governed. 

344.  Outline  Government  of  a  United  States  territory. 

345.  What  were  the  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws? 

346.  What  is  Bi-metallism  ? 

347.  Which  of  the  States  seceded  first? 

348.  Who  were  known  as  "Border  Ruffians?" 

349.  Boston  Massacre. 

350.  Boston  Port  Bill. 

351.  Boston  Tea  Party. 

352.  What  was  the  "Mayflower  Compact?7' 

353.  What  was  "Civil  Eights  Bill?" 

354.  "Old  Ironsides." 


164  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

355.  "Continentals." 

356.  What  was  the  "Geneva  Tribunal?" 

357.  What  is  meant  by  "The  Law  of  Nations? " 

358.  Who  were  the  Tories? 

359.  What  was  the  doctrine  of  "Popular  Sovereignty  1" 

360.  What  was  the  "Tenure  of  office"  act? 

361.  Who  are  the  "Suffragists?" 

362.  What  was  the  "Western  Reserve?" 

363.  Who  were  the  "Whigs?" 

364.  What  was  the  first  Representative  Assembly  in  America? 

365.  Give  an  account  of  the  introduction  of  African  slavery? 

366.  In  the  war  in  England  between  the  King  and  Cromwell, — the 

southern    Colonies    were    Loyalists,    and    Northern    Colonies 
were  with  Cromwell, — Why? 

367.  Give  the  origin  of  the  "Town  Meeting." 

368.  What  was  the  first  Public  School  in  America? 

369.  The  first  College? 

370.  The  first  Printing  Press? 

371.  What  were  the  "Blue  Laws?" 

372.  What  was  the  first  book  printed  in  United  States?    When? 

373.  The  first  newspaper?     Date? 

374.  What  was  the  "Mecklenburg  Declaration"? 

375.  The  "Liberty  Bell"? 

376.  When  a  bill  is  introduced  in  either  house  or  Congress,  what  is 

done  with  it? 

377.  Mention  some  of  the  most  important  Committees  of  the  House 

of  Representatives. 

378.  What  land  was  granted  to  the  Plymouth  Company? 

379.  What  land  was  granted  to  the  London  Company? 

380.  What  about  the  territory  between  these  two? 

381.  Tell  about  the  "Black-Hawk  War." 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  165 

382.  The  Maryland  "  Toleration  Act". 

383.  What  is  meant  by  "Eotation  in  office". 

384.  Lewis  and  Clark  expedition. 

385.  Fugitive  Slave  Law. 

386.  Personal  Liberty  Bills. 

387.  Who  were  the  ''Sons  of  Liberty"? 

388.  Ku  Klux  Klan. 

389.  The  Franking  privilege. 

390.  How  abused?     How  modified? 

391.  What  is  meant  by  "Standard  Time?" 

392.  The  Berlin  Decree. 

393.  "Orders  in  Council". 

394.  "The  Embargo". 

395.  The  "Trent  Affair". 

396.  When  was  the  "Starving  Time"? 

397.  Who  was  "Poor  Eichard"? 

398.  Astoria. 

399.  What  is  known  as  the  "Civil  Eights  Bill"? 

400.  What  is  meant  by  "Free  Coinage"? 

401.  When  did  "Free  coinage  of  silver  cease"? 

402.  Who  are  Filibusters? 

403.  What  was  the  "Iron-clad  Oath". 

404.  What  is  the  Homestead  law  with  reference  to  public  lands? 

405.  What  sections  are  reserved  for  schools? 

406.  What     provision     for     the     maintenance     of     "Agricultural 

Colleges"? 

407.  "Quaker  Guns". 

408.  What  was  the  "Yankee  Cheese  box"? 

409.  Explain  the  slogan  "  54  >  40  >  or  fight. ' ' 

410.  What  is  a  passport? 

411.  To  whom  may  passports  be  granted? 


166  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

412.  What  is  meant  by  International  Copyright? 

413.  How  far  from  land  does  the  jurisdiction  of  a  Country  extend? 

414.  What  are  "  American  Waters  ?" 

415.  What  must  an  office  holders  do  to  enable  him  to  accept  a  present 

offered  by  a  foreign  power! 

416.  What  oath  must  all  officers,  state  and  municipal  as  well  as 

National,  take? 

ORGANIZATION    OF    PAETIES    AND    CONVENTIONS 

1.  How  are  political  parties  organized? 

2.  How  is  a  national  campaign  managed? 

3.  What  is  the  first  step  in  a  Presidential  campaign? 

4.  Who  compose  the  National  committee  of  a  party? 

5.  When  and  by  whom  are  they  appointed? 

6.  Who  compose  a  State  Central  Committee? 

7.  When  and  how  are  they  chosen? 

8.  Who  compose  a  City  Central  Committee? 

9.  When  and  how  are  they  selected? 

10.  What  is  a  primary? 

11.  What  is  meant  by  a  "  direct  primary  f  " 

12.  Explain,  in  full,  how  the  delegates  to  a  National  Convention  are 

chosen? 

13.  Who  compose  a  County  Central  Committee? 

14.  When  and  how  are  they  selected? 

15.  When  delegates  to  a  committee  meet,  who  calls  them  to  order? 

16.  How  does  the  convention  organize? 

17.  What  three  committees  are  appointed? 

18.  What  is  duty  of  Committee  on  Credentials? 

19.  What  is  duty  of  Committee  on  Permanent  Organization,  etc.? 

20.  What  is  duty  of  Committee  on  Resolutions? 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  167 

21.  After    these    committees    are    appointed, — short    adjournment. 

Whyt 

22.  What  is  meant  by  registration?      , 

23.  Why  is  registration  necessary? 

24.  What  is  the  Australian  Ballot? 

25.  Why  is  the  Australian  Ballot  preferable  to  the  voting  machine? 

26.  Issue  a  call  for  a  National  Convention  for  nominating  President 

and  Vice  President. 

27.  Issue  a  call  for  a  State  Convention  for  choosing  delegates  to  the 

National  Convention. 

28.  Issue  a  call  for  a  County  Convention. 

29.  Issue  a  call  for  a  City  Convention. 

30.  What  are  duties  of  a  "Sergeant  at  Arms"? 

31.  How  are  funds  raised  for  political  campaigns? 

32.  What  authority  determines  who  may  vote? 

33.  Who  are  Citizens  in  California? 

34.  Who  may  vote  in  California? 

35.  Law  about  residence  for  voting  purposes. 

STATE  GOVERNMENT 

1.  When  does  the  Legislature  meet? 

2.  How  many  compose  each  house? 

3.  For  what  term  are  these  chosen? 

4.  Explain  how  the  State  is  districted? 

5.  What  Assembly  district  are  we  in? 

6.  What  Senatorial  district  are  we  in? 

7.  What  is  the  difference  between  semi-annual  and  biennial? 

8.  For  what  purpose  do  both  houses  meet  in  joint  session? 

9.  For  what  term  are  State  Officers  elected? 

10.  What  is  the  salary  of  Governor?    Duties? 

11.  What  is  the  salary  of  Lieut.  Governor? 


168  PRACTICAL   AIDS 

12.  What  are  his  duties? 

13.  What  is  salary  of  Secretary  of  State?     His  duties? 

14.  What  is  the  salary  of  State  Controller?    His  duties? 

15.  What  is  the  salary  of  State  Treasurer?    His  duties? 

16.  What  is  the  salary  of  Attorney  General?    His  duties? 

17.  What  is  the  salary  of  Surveyor  General?    His  duties? 

18.  What  is  the  salary  of  Supt.  of  Public  Instruction?    His  duties? 

19.  What  is  the  salary  of  Clerk  of  Supreme  Court?     His  duties? 

20.  What  is  the  salary  of  State  Printer?    His  duties? 

21.  How  many  Justices  of  Supreme  Court? 

22.  What  is  their  term  of  office? 

23.  Are  they  elected  or  appointed? 

24.  What  are  their  salaries? 

25.  How  many  district  Courts  of  Appeal? 

26.  How  many  judges  for  each  district?     - 

27.  What  are  their  salaries? 

28.  What  other  judges  are  paid  wholly  or  in  part  by  the  State? 

29.  Are  these  judges  elected  or  appointed? 

30.  Who  is  the  executive  officer  of  a  county? 

31.  What  is  the  legislative  body  in  a  county? 

32.  What  are  the  principal  county  officers?     Explain  duties  of  Dis- 

trict Attorney. 

33.  To  what  officer  does  a  person  apply  for  a  marriage  license? 

34.  Give  outline  of  duties  of  Supervisors. 

35.  Explain  duties  of  Supervisors  when  sitting  as  Board  of  Equali- 

zation. 

36.  What  State  Board  corresponds  to  this? 

37.  State  Board  of  E.  E.  Commissioners? 

38.  State  Board  of  Harbor  Commissioners? 

39.  Insurance  Commissioners? 

40.  Bank  Commissioner? 


TO    THE    TEACHING    OF    CIVICS  169 

41.  What  disposition  is  made  of  the  poll  tax! 

42.  What  are  sources  of  school  revenue  in  Cal.? 

43.  What  are  Justice's  Courts? 

44.  Who  are  subordinate  officers? 

45.  Superior  Court? 

46.  Probate  Court? 

47.  Term  of  office  of  Superior  Judges?     Salaries? 

48.  When  may  a  judge  in  one  county  preside  over  a  court  in  another 

county? 

49.  When  must  he  do  so? 

50.  Who  are  citizens  according  to  Constitution  of  Cal.  ? 

51.  What  is  legislative  body  in  a  city? 

52.  Who  is  the  executive  officer  in  a  city? 

53.  What  is  duty  of  city  attorney? 

54.  Mention  some  of  the  other  officers  in  a  city  government. 

55.  What  body  in  city  acts  as  Board  of  Equalization? 

56.  What  are  their  duties? 


EDUCATIONAL    PUBLICATIONS 

OF  THE 

WHITAKER  &  RAY-WIQQIN  CO. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


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Former  Superintendent  oi  Schools  of  Berkeley. 

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By  J.  J.  Duvall. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  little  book  to  supplement  any  text  on 
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AIDS     TO     LITERATURE. 

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THE  LEGEND  OF  SLEEPY  HOLLOW  AND  RIP  VAN  WINKLE. 
By  J.  W.  Graham. 

Superintendent  of  Schools  of  Kings  County,  California. 
In  this  little  book  the  author  has  embodied  the  best  plans  of 
the  most  successful  teachers  of  English,  just  as  they  were  used 
in  the  schoolroom.  The  technical  part  of  grammar  is  entirely 
omitted  and  the  study  of  real  English  kept  constantly  before  the 
pupil. 

Number  Two. 

LADY     OF     THE      LAKE,     EVANGELINE,     MERCHANT     OF 
VENICE,   SNOWBOUND  AND  VISION   OF    SIR   LAUNFAL. 

By  J.  W.  Graham. 

Assisted  by  a  Committee  of  Seven  Practical  Teachers  of  English. 
A  complete  plan  of  work  is  given  for  each  poem  treated,  to- 
gether with  a  list  of  questions  carefully  selected  and  calculated 
to  lead  the  pupil  step  by  step  to  a  clear  understanding  of  each 
subject.        Bound  in  leatherette.    Price,  25c  net 


Number  Three. 
EVANGELI  N  E. 

With  Notes  and  Suggestions  for  Study. 

By  Arthur  L.  Hamilton. 

This  edition  of  "Evangeline"  is  issued  specially  for  teachers 
whose  time  is  limited  and  who  cannot,  for  that  reason,  prepare 
suggestions  for  pupil's  study  in  English  work.  It  is  a  repro- 
duction of  Mr.  Hamilton's  class  work  on  the  poem,  and  is  given 
out  because  it  represents  a  successful  handling  of  the  subject 
of  English.  Bound  in  leatherette.  Price,  25c  net. 

Number  Four. 
SIR  WALTER  SCOTT  IN  THE  SCHOOLS. 

By  Frank  J.  Browne. 

A  Study  of  "Ivanhoe"  and  "The  Lady  of  the  Lake." 
This  book  is  the  actual  material  used  by  the  author  in  teach- 
ing  the   above   named   English    masterpieces   to    High    School 
classes. 

Emphasis  is  given  to  all  sides  of  English  study.  Primary 
attention  is  directed  to  the  masterpiece  as  a  work  of  literary 
art.  This  is  made  a  basis  for  history,  analysis,  style,  paragraph- 
ing, diction,  grammar,  derivation,  definition,  and  original  com- 
position. 
Bound  in  leatherette.  Price,  25c  net. 

POEMS    FOR    MEMORIZING. 

(Graded.) 
By  Alice  Rose  Power. 

These  selections  have  been  tried  in  the  different  grades  and 
approved  by  practical  teachers.  The  literary  and  ethical  value 
of  the  poems  makes  it  the  most  valuable  list  published  for 
school  use.  As  a  desk  book  for  teachers,  a  library  book  for 
pupils  and  parents,  and  as  a  reader  for  all  classes,  it  furnishes 
the  best  material  obtainable. 

Paper,  Parts  I  and  II,  each,  lOc.         Paper,  35c  net. 

Boards,  60c  net.  Price:     Cloth,  $1.00  net. 

THE   GOVERNMENT  OF  WYOMING. 
By  Grace  Raymond  Hebard. 

A  very  pithy  summary  of  the  History,  Constitution  and  Ad- 
ministration of  affairs  in  the  State  of  Wyoming.  The  text  is 
most  carefully  prepared  and  systematized.  This,  together  with 
the  various  questions  and  outlines,  renders  it  a  most  valuable 
book  for  either  the  class  room  or  the  general  reader. 

Price,  $1.00  net 


YB   12749 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


THE 
WHttE  HOUSE 
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